Advantages and Disadvantages of Smaller States - 1576 Words

Does India need smaller states? By: Ashutosh Kumar Ashutosh Kumar is a professor of political science at Panjab University, Chandigarh, India The Indian ‘model’ of federalism has several marked differences from the classical federal models one finds in countries like the United States, Canada, and Australia. One notable difference has been the unilateral power of the union parliament to reorganize the political structure of the country by forming new states and to alter the areas, boundaries or names of existing sates. Despite having the constitutional power, overwhelming concern for nationbuilding and economic reconstruction based on the development planning model, initially dissuaded the national leadership from conceding to demands for†¦show more content†¦In response, they want statehood with the full powers that entails SHIFT IN INDIA’S FEDERAL IDEOLOGY Three developments mark the shift in India’s federal ideology. First, regional identity, culture, and geographical differences now appear to be better recognized as valid bases for administrative division and political representation as democracy deepens and widens. Second, smaller states are being proposed on the grounds of good governance and development rather than merely on the linguistic or cultural principle was the case of the first two phases of reorganization. 3 Third, recently even dialect communities have been asking for their own ‘territorial homeland’ while underlining the cultural and literary distinctiveness and richness of the dialect (Bundelkhand). ARGUMENTS IN FAVOUR OF SMALLER STATES Does India need smaller states? Let us consider the following three arguments in favour. First, the argument that ‘small is beautiful’ does find resonance in the developmental experiences of the newly created smaller states. Factual analysis shows the development and efficiency argument does work in favour of the new states when compared with the parent states. During the tenth five-year plan period, Chhattisgarh averaged 9.2 percent growth annually compared with 4.3 percent by Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand averaged 11.1 per cent annually comparedShow MoreRelatedWhy The Electoral College Should Not Be Preserved999 Words   |  4 PagesConstitution, electors per state are equal to the number of seats each state holds in the Congress, which include the Senate and the House of Representative delegations. California holds the most Electoral which is 54 electors. However, with every census the numbers of each states electoral change due to t he process called reapportionment. 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The senior housing market has had many changes over the past few years, due to the influx of baby boomers retiring. These retired baby boomers have started to rapidly shape the housing market not only for seniors, but for society in general. Senior housing choices influence theRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Organisms1294 Words   |  6 Pagesuse in food (â€Å"Pros and Cons†). There are many advantages and disadvantages to genetically modified organisms in food, but in my opinion, the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. There are many advantages to the use of GMO’s in our food, both to the body and the environment. The first advantage is they are more resistance to pest and diseases. GMO’s act as a vaccine for plants and animals. â€Å" A report from the University of California in San Diego states that toxic bacteria (yet safe for human use)

Southwest Airlines Motivational Profile - 3108 Words

Southwest Airlines Motivational Profile A motivational profile can provide insights into whether a company is doing the right thing or requires improvements. Although nearly every company proclaims its goal is to deliver exceptional service, research confirms that the service quality of many corporations is below consumer expectations. Southwest Airlines has created a competitive advantage through valuing employees’ needs as a strategy that motivates them to provide better customer service (Hallowell, 1996). According to Czaplewski, Ferguson, and Milliman (2001), Southwest Airlines was one of only two companies to place in both the top-10 most admired organizations and best places to work. Even though there are specific steps†¦show more content†¦Financial Information for the Last Five Years Bankruptcy is the new solvency for America’s legacy carriers in the past five years. Deregulation, terrorist events from September 9, 2011, and the recent recession are likely culprits but inefficient busine ss practices share in the blame. The growth of low cost carriers helped to push airlines such as Delta and United to file for bankruptcy and enter mergers with other floundering legacy carriers. The latest bankruptcy announcement comes from American Airlines, the last of the legacy carriers to file for Chapter 11 protection (De La Merced, 2011). Heavy debt, inefficient aircraft, and high labor costs are forcing American Airlines to restructure just to compete. Profitable airlines are increasingly dependent on consumer fees, fewer routes, and sold out planes to maintain a positive cash flow. Background of Southwest Airlines Southwest Airlines has had its highs and lows while becoming the airline to watch. The Texas-based Southwest Airlines has taken risks and created a reputation for trendsetting and revolutionizing flying (Southwest Airlines, 2011). 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The company has put customers first from the very beginning and many believe that this is the reason for Southwests great success. To entice customer loyalty, Southwest was the first airline company to begin a frequent flyer program to reward customers for the amount of miles flown. Since starting this program, many other airlines have followedRead MoreMotivation, Ethics, and Conflict Management1805 Words   |  8 PagesManagement Southwest Airlines has come a long way since its start in 1971 with only about 30 employees. Southwest now employs over 30,000 employees. The company has put customers first from the very beginning and many believe that this is the reason for Southwest s great success. To entice customer loyalty, Southwest was the first airline company to begin a frequent flyer program to reward customers for the amount of miles flown. 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Research has shown that service quality is in the end connected to customer loyalty and retention and, ultimately, to higher profits for the organization (Cataldo, 2011). As highlighted in a study done by Schneider, White, and Paul (1998), â€Å"a serviceRead MoreBest Practice Companies: Training in the Airline Industry5597 Words   |  23 PagesBest Practice Companies: Training in the Airline Industry Introduction: After September 11th, there was a great deal of turmoil in the airline industry as a tremendous amount of money was needed to be allocated toward other things such as security enhancements. As a result, most airlines cut back costs in other departments, especially in the department of training. However, some airlines deemed training their employees effectively to be pertinent to their development, and thus decided to enhanceRead MoreTeam Work and Motivation1259 Words   |  6 PagesRetrieved from: http://train2gainus.wordpress.com/training/eight-tactics-to-motivate-minimum-wage-employees/ Words: 1207 Pages: 5 Highlight Text Print Paper Save Paper Report this Essay Similar Documents Teamwork And Motivation Southwest Airlines Motivational Profile Motivation Motivation Paper Leadership Leading People Business Virtual Team Disney Management Roles Symphony Management Project Assistant Manager Management By Objectives Leadership Versus Management Mba 525Read MoreManagement Assignment Ryanair5707 Words   |  23 PagesBusiness Management (BM291) Assignment Date: 30/11/09 â€Æ' Table of Contents Introduction 3 Q1. 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Curfews Essay Research Paper Teen CurfewWhen free essay sample

Curfews Essay, Research Paper Teen Curfew When it was learned that Louisville had input a curfew a few people got disquieted. Had adolescent force gotten so out of control? I don t think so. As stated above, adolescent curfews were brought in to being because of so called monolithic sums of adolescent force. You would believe that you should go forth curfews to the parent. When did the authorities have the ability to state the parents when their kids should be in? And that is were the job lies. Actually the Louisville Police Department ( LPD ) is seeking to swerve the job before they get full blown. For portion of that you get no statement from me. But at that place has to be a better manner. When you think about the existent curfew it effects teens and teens merely. If an officer sees a adolescent out drive after curfew they assume that that individual must be up to something and that merely International Relations and Security Network t the instance. We will write a custom essay sample on Curfews Essay Research Paper Teen CurfewWhen or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There could be a figure of grounds why that adolescent is out. One might be that he is running to the shop or acquiring a film. They might even be acquiring off from work. Hey that something new a responsible adolescent. Another thing that is incorrect about curfews is that they punish the bulk because of the minority. In other words a few bad apples spoil the whole clump. Why / gt ; non merely seek out the bad apples? It merely sounds so simple, right? But most likely it isn T every bit simple as it sounds, most things neer are. Balogun 2 By this clip you are most likely wondering, why a adolescent is so ardent over something every bit minor as a curfew. One dark I was driving place and I was pulled over for no ground. Possibly I had been rushing, I truly non certain. That was the premise made on my portion, but the ground was that I was out past curfew. Well to do a long narrative short he gave me a ticket that was pointless. All this problem due to me dropping a friend off at place. The thing is there would be no job if the curfew was spread across the board, that includes grownups every bit good as teens. That isn T traveling to go on any clip shortly. But there are good thing that have occurred due to the curfews the offense rate has fallen. But the adolescent rate has stayed the same. Most likely the ground is due to if a adolescent is traveling to interrupt the jurisprudence, he won t attention about the curfew. He will merely travel out and make what he planned. So in shutting, the thing that must be reiterated is that you should non penalize the bulk because of the minority. Besides it must non take away the powers of the parent. As a adolescent this determination has truly affected my life. ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

US Exceptionalism in Constructing and Conceptualizing a Terrorist

Introduction Since its foundation in the 1700s, the united states of amerce has thought itself as exceptional. In addition, other nations have perceived the US as largely different from them. According to Deudney and Meiser,1 America is different from other nations in the world in a number of ways. However, the most obvious is the fact that the US is by far the most successful superpower in modern times.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on US Exceptionalism in Constructing and Conceptualizing a Terrorist specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The US success is evident in its current exceptional position as the only superpower in the modern world.2.3 Despite its political, economic and social prowess, a number of factors such as terrorism and the go-go China currently threaten the United States of America. Terrorism is by far the most significant threat to the stability position of the US as the world’s economic a nd military superpower. In fact, the nation spends massive resources in protecting itself from terrorism every year, which includes its foreign policy, international intelligence and domestic security. According to Buzan,4 the US’s behavior in the modern world seems to be largely inclined towards protecting herself from acts of terrorism that would otherwise undermine her position as the world’s sole superpower in the modern times. Purpose of the study The purpose of this discussion is to find out some reasons behind the personality of terrorism and terrorist as perceived by Americans. The paper will seek to answer the question on the actual identity of a terrorist, the implications of terrorist on American society. In addition, the discussion will attempt to determine why the global security is solely against the Al-Qaeda and Islamic organizations despite having dozens of other terrorist groups. Study questions What are the reasons behind the personality of the terro rist in the American perception? Who is the terrorist and who is not, and what kind of implications that have on the American society? Why is the global securitization solely against Al-Qaeda and Islamic organizations while there are dozens of other terrorist groups that are not linked to Islam globally Why are we concentrating on securitizing terrorism in understanding of United States interests? Hypothesis of the study From a critical view of US’s behavior, it is worth noting that the United States has some exceptionalsim in constructing and conceptualizing terrorism and a terrorist, and applies its own perceptions on a terrorist in its efforts to maintain the position as the world’s sole superpower.Advertising Looking for proposal on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Discussion America’s perception on the personality of a terrorist and terrorism The question on who a terrorist is and who a terrorist is not remains an important topic of debate in the modern world. The personality of a terrorist largely lies within the society’s perception of terrorism and the past trend of terrorism in that society. Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States, the nations perception of terrorism has largely grown to demonstrate certain characteristics that are not only exceptional, but also indicates the exceptional behavior of the US in the last one decade.5.6 It is worth noting that although there are tens of other terrorist groups in various parts of the world, American definition of a terrorist brings seems to refer to extremist Islamic groups with the whole purpose of undermining America’s efforts to control the world economic, social and political system. America’s exceptional paradigm of a terrorist has grown from the 9/11 attacks on Washington and New York. The new paradigm has developed from the Bush administration policies of total war aga inst terrorism whose aim was to eliminate Islamic groups that were considered terrorist organizations.7 The policies created in the first bush administration were by far nearly anti-Semitic or anti-Islam; although the claim was that the policies were actually not based on religion. It is worth noting that the Bush administration put almost its entire focus on Islamic groups, yet other terrorist groups existed in other parts of the world. America’s policies against terrorism and the need to create an international security system that would put the nation in the control of world security system seem to be largely based on the need to eliminate her threats. Of course, the most significant threat to America’s position in the world points towards terrorism and anti-Christian movements and groups in the Middle East and the Islamic world in general. America’s foreign policies and perceptions on terrorism: Is securitization applicable on terrorism applicable for the wh ole world? America’s perception of a terrorist does not necessarily explain who is and who is not a terrorist because the definition of a terrorist within the context of America is actually inclined towards the threat posed by Islamic terrorist groups such as the Al-Qaeda. Since the 9/11 attacks on Washington and New York, America’s perception towards terrorism took a turn, with all efforts being directed towards the elimination of Al-Qaeda.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on US Exceptionalism in Constructing and Conceptualizing a Terrorist specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, consider the March 2003 attacks on Iraq. Although the United States claim was based on the need to eliminate Sadaam Hussein’s funding and support to terrorist groups, and particularly the Al-Qaeda, the disapproval of a possible military intervention in Iraq was supported by a number of world nations within th e wide context of the United Nations Security Council. However, the US displayed her exceptionalism by ignoring the warning by the UN and proceeding with the attacks, even though there was little evidence of Iraq’s support to world terrorism. From a critical analysis of America’s perception of a terrorist, it is worth noting that the terrorist according to America’s definition is a ‘person acting as an agent of or on behalf of extremist Islamic groups whose aim is to threaten the position of the US as the sole political, social and economic superpower’. Within the perception of the United States, any person acting in this manner must be considered a terrorist. However, the definition created by the United States does not necessarily explain who is not a terrorist. In fact, it is not appropriate to consider America’s definition of terrorist as leaving out other non-Islamic groups, but the America’s perception seems to be largely based o n its position as an exceptional society.8 For instance, America was founded on a basis that was largely Christian, specifically Protestant and with strong Calvinist and Puritan beliefs. Such beliefs position America and a Christian society and with Christian principles, which perhaps explains where the country’s anti-Islamic acts are based on when it comes to fight against world terrorism. Impact of America’s exceptional position on terrorism on world securitization and global understanding of security system So, why is the global securitization against Al-Qaeda and Islamic organizations while tens of other terrorist groups exist? In addition, why is the world concentrating on securitization terrorism within the understanding of the United States? The answers to these questions lie within the wide context of America’s exceptionalism and its position as the sole superpower in the modern world. Globalization of intelligence took a new beginning after the 9/11 att acks on the US. American became more and more interested in taking a central role in the process of globalization of securitization. In particular, America’s intelligence and international relation have largely been based on the nation’s need to control fight terrorism, especially the Al-Qaeda.Advertising Looking for proposal on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most efforts by the United States to create international relations and understanding have largely been focused towards the Middle East. According to Svendsen9, America’s 21st century foreign policies have developed close relationships with a number of nations in the world, but the main aim seem to be the need to control terrorism. For instance, the relationship between the United States and some Muslim nations such as UAE, Qatar, Egypt, Turkey and Saudi Arabia have are based on the understanding that Islamic extremist groups such as Al-Qaeda are a great threat to the presence of the United States in these nations. Secondly, America’s efforts to develop close relationships with other western nations, particularly Britain and other nations in the European Union, are largely based on the need to develop an American understanding and perceptions of terrorism within these nations and from it, gain the required support in dealing with the threat associated with terrorism. C onclusion These facts that tend to explain why every nation with a close relationship with the United States takes serious America’s stand on security and terrorist issues. It appears that these nations have taken the perception that Al-Qaeda is a real threat to their economies, societies and the security system. It is evident that almost the entire world has adopted the American way of thinking, which America applies in its efforts to play the most crucial rule of controlling the process of globalization of securitization. Bibliography Buzan , Barry. American Exceptionalism and September 11: Understanding the Behavior of the Sole Superpower. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. Deudney, Daniel and Jeffery Meiser. American exceptionalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Patman, Robert. â€Å"Globalization, the New US Exceptionalism and the War on Terror.† Third World Quarterly 27 (2008): 963-986 Svendsen, Adam. â€Å"The Globalization of Intelligenc e since 9/11: Frameworks and Operational Parameters.† Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 21 (2008): 129-144 Footnotes 1 Daniel Deudney and Jeffery Meiser, American exceptionalism, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 2-4 2 Robert Patman â€Å"Globalization, the New US Exceptionalism and the War on Terror,† Third World Quarterly 27 (2008): 964 3 Barry Buzan, American Exceptionalism and September 11: Understanding the Behavior of the Sole Superpower, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 12-19 4 Buzan, 13 5 Patman 965 6 Deudney and Meiser 3 7 Buzan 14 8 Patman 967 9 Adam Svendsen, The Globalization of Intelligence since 9/11: Frameworks and Operational Parameters,† Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 21 (2008): 129 This proposal on US Exceptionalism in Constructing and Conceptualizing a Terrorist was written and submitted by user Caitlyn Bell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

rennasance overview essays

rennasance overview essays Renaissance was more than just a time period, it was a state of mind. No longer did the world think in turns of conquering, power, and the catholic church. It was a time of change politically, socially, economically, and culturally. The arts were explored, and the minds of many were expanded. The boundaries of mankind have been stretched and it was for the good. The ways of Middle Ages were replaced. The medieval scholars debated the nature of life after death. Renaissance thinkers wanted to know about now. The Renaissance began in Italy in the mid 1300s. There are many reasons for this. Italy was the center of ancient Rome which at this time was thought to be great and there was a reawakened interest in it. Old artifacts were still plentiful and reminders of the ancient culture. The northern city-states were centers of trade and at this time becoming very wealthy. The now wealthy and powerful merchant class also helped the world, starting with Italy, to explore the arts by giving large amounts of money. In the 1400s, the Medici family in Florence started a banking business. Then in 1434 Cosimo de Medici gained control of the Florence government. Cosimos grandson, Lorenzo, was a politician also. He was a big financial supporter of the arts. Poets and Philosophers visited his palace often as did many artists like Michelangelo who painted ancient Roman sculptures in his garden. The most famous artists of the time were the NINGA TURTLES! Not really but they had the same names like the famous Leonardo, who even dissected people to get a better perspective on how to draw. He was not only an artist, but also he made sketches for planes and submarines! I bet no one at this time even thought that flying was possible. Some say this man was inspired by the devil. I think he is a genious. This mans name is Niccolo Machiavelli, who wrote the book, The Prince. This book was a guide to rul ...

A Beginners Guide to Delphi Programming

A Beginners Guide to Delphi Programming Beginner developers eager to master the Delphi programming language should already be familiar with the basics of Microsoft Windows. Learning Delphi is easiest if you  approach it from a guided, tutorial-based frame of reference.   Foundational  Concepts Get started with a history lesson covering the evolution of  (Turbo) Pascal to Delphi 2005, such that Delphi evolved into a rapid-application-deployment framework intended to offer high-performance, scalable applications for online and mobile delivery. After that, explore the meat-and-potatoes of what Delphi actually is and how to install and configure its development environment. From there, explore the main parts and tools of the Delphi IDE. Hello, World! Begin your overview of application development with Delphi by creating a simple project,  writing code, compiling, and running a project. Then  learn about  properties, events, and Delphi Pascal  by creating your second simple Delphi application - allowing you to learn how to place components on a form, set their properties, and  write event-handler procedures to make components cooperate. Delphi Pascal Before you start developing more sophisticated applications by using the RAD features of Delphi, you should learn the basics of the  Delphi Pascal  language. At this point, youll need to start thinking carefully about code maintenance, including code commenting, and how to  cleaning your Delphi code errors - a discussion on Delphi design, run and compile time errors and how to prevent them. Also, take a look at some solutions to most common logic errors. Forms and Databases In just about every Delphi application, we use forms to present and retrieve information from users. Delphi arms us with a rich array of visual tools for creating forms and determining their properties and behavior. We can set them up at  design time  using the property editors and we can write code to re-set them dynamically at runtime.  Look at simple SDI forms and consider some good reasons for not letting your program auto-create forms. Delphi Personal  edition does not offer database support, but you can  create your own  flat  database to store any kind of  data - all without a single data-aware component. Managing Your Work While youre developing a large Delphi application, as your  program becomes more complex, its source code can become hard to maintain. Create your own code modules - Delphi code files that contain logically associated functions and procedures. Along the way you should explore Delphis built-in routines and how to make all the units of a Delphi application cooperate. The Delphi IDE (the  code editor) helps you effectively jump from a method implementation and a method declaration, locate a  variable declaration  using tooltip symbol insight features, and more.

Global tourism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global tourism - Assignment Example Every winter Oslo hosts numerous winter sports competitions in the famous Holmenkollen National Ski Arena. Thus, Oslo is an outstanding tourist-friendly location, which has much to offer. The capital of Norway is multinational and diverse city, which is not very typical to Scandinavian cities as for a long time emigration prevailed immigration. Now Oslo is one of the fastest-growing cities in Scandinavian countries that is why the population increases rapidly, and the city authorities has to tackle a number of social problems, and high immigration rate is one of the first (Kemp, 2008). In the last two years the population exceeded in 2%, and the number of residents is expected to grow in 40 % in the next few decades. Such boost of population is explained by higher life expectancy and rising birth rate (Savage, 2014). Norwegian economy continues to grow in spite of European crisis attracting migrant labor from less developed countries. Therefore, immigrants from Poland, Latvia, Pakistan and other countries become new residents of Oslo. This will cause additional demand for working places in the country, and the tourist sphere will be the one which will be able to offe rs such places. The capital immigration flow started in 60-s when oil was discovered in the North Sea, thus the city has already elaborated its mechanisms of integration for the new comers. Oslo was ranked as the second in the Intercultural Index Cities list, which means that it has managed to establish stable and effective policy framework with recourses and actions implemented in life (Oslo intercultural profile, 2012). Two years ago the city has introduced a new policy directive â€Å"City Government Decision 152/12 - Diversity Opportunities†, that is a modern statement of the city’s goals and perspectives, developing along with a direction first represented in 2001 with the founding of the OXLO Oslo Extra Large campaign. Encouraging immigrant inflow into the

Types of Journalism, Mass Media and Communication in History Essay

Types of Journalism, Mass Media and Communication in History - Essay Example The Vietnam War was adequately pictured and recorded by photojournalists and this prompted the international community to react promptly and put an end to these merciless killings (Vaughan and Thomas 405). In such instances, most of these repressive regimes leadership becomes hostile to such individuals and in some cases subject them to torture and psychological traumas (Deephouse and David 1096). The primary aim of Journalism, for instance during war periods is to ensure that all acts of injustices are pictured to attract actions from the government and the international community. The media fraternity as a whole has undergone numerous changes and challenges in equal measure (Deephouse and David 1099). In a tense political setting, for instance, the involvement of the media in ensuring proper checks and balances of the repressive regime to ensure that all acts against humanity are articulately recorded and appropriate actions against perpetrators reported. However, a photojournalist, like any other professionals must operate within some set rules and standards as dictated by the society (Deephouse and David 1113). Their actions should be such that any reasonable man in their situation will define as â€Å"normal† and as pro-human dignity. A photojournalist, for instance, is expected to record and report honest accounts of events as they happened without any form of manipulation. They should not give in to any form of intimidation be it physical or psychological in a bid by fraudulent to manipulate the true accounts of the recorded events. Integrity and honesty are crucial qualities a photojournalist must be in a possession of.  

The First World War Essay Example for Free

The First World War Essay All of the sources give different impressions as to wether Germanys leaders are responsibe for the outbreak of the First World War. Source 1 seems to strongly suggest that German leaders and the German Government did in fact push for the war with Hewitson blaming the Army and suggesting that Germany was looking for an opportunity to start war however he does not fully support the view that German leaders were responsible.Porter and Armour (Source 2) strongly supports this view by again pointing to the millitary and prime minister Bethmann Hollweg looking for an opportunity to wage war but again not fully placing the blame on Germany but looking at the threating actions of Russia and Britain. In contrast to both Source 1 and 2 Norman Stone ( Source 3) does not blame Germany, instead he suggest that the tension in Europe for the last decade finally reached an ultimatum in the July crisis and the war was the fault of all Great powers. Mark Hewitson argument that German army and the government pushed for war before 1914 is reasonable and puts the blame on the German leaders, this view is also supported by ficher who said that Germany was making plans for annexation before the July crisis which suggest that Germany hoped to quickly win the war. It is also supported by the Council meeting in 1912 which held that it was Germanys consious decision to wage war for its own gain. This view is supported by Porter and Armour ( source 2), they say Bethmann Hollweg government deliberatly provoked a diplomatic crisis which it knew might lead to war. This strongly suggest that German leaders were actually responsible for the outbreak and the statement might be true, because if Hollweg knew that the war would be a certain victory, he would certainly be very pro-war, this due to him carrying about German wellfare which can be seen through certain reforms he passed, such as the 1911 imperial insurence code. Norman ( Source 3) d oes not fully accept the argument that the German army pushed for war, he instead says that the war was collectivly the fault of Great powers and increasing hysteria since 1890 . Mark ( Source 1) argues that Germany was trying to make themselves seen as the ones that need to defend themselves, to undercut public opposition to war by casting Russia as the agressor, this would give Germany an  opportunity to wage war on Russia without other European powers being hostile to Germany. Reich government was able to undercut public opposition, with Russia being the agressor the German government hoped that nationalism would stop the public from opposing the war. Porter and Armour (soure 2) agrees with Mark Anglo-Russian naval talks, this would mean encirclement for Germany and in fact might show Germany as the country that only wants to defend itself. This could suggest that German leaders were not as responsible but the other countries such as Russia , France and Britain being aggressive and therefore Germany naturally being worried. Norman ( source 3) also agrees on the fact that it was the tension in Europe that led to war instead of German leaders decisions. Mark ( Source 1) does come into a conclusion that not neccesserly German leaders planned war, but rather continued a policy of brinkmanship. The contination of this policy however might be the decision that has caused some tension amongst majour European countries, the expansion of Germany might of have been seen as a threat towards other countries such as France which could suggest that German leaders were in fact responsible. Porter ( source 2) does suggest that Gernan leaders were responsible, civilian and millitary leaders were much influenced by a deep pessimism as to Germanys survival if it did not act before it was too late. This is of course talking about the Schlieffen Plan which is an agressive plan of sieging france to not fight a war on two fronts during the war. This contrasts with Mark ( source 1 ) who says that German leaders did not neccessary plan the war, Schlieffen Plan was created 1905, which suggest that German millitary leaders were thinking about planning the war way back before the tension in Europe was high. Norman ( source 3) does seem to disagree with source 1 as it says the situation in which the First World War did break out was forseen for five years beforehand this suggest that the politicians and leaders would of known about the possibilty of war, and therefore some planning would need to be done in case of the war. In conclusion the German Leaders alone cant be responsible for the outbreak of war due to tense situation in Europe, triple entente being put in place which would encircle and therfore endanger Germany. However the sources  suggest that to a large extent German leaders were contributing towards creating the tension in Europe by their dangerous policy, their army leaders who wanted to quickly start a war and go through Belgium to gain France which would cause Britain to enter the War with the hopes of Germany not having to fight on two fronts and also the contribution to making the relationship between Britain and Germany thorugh policies such as Weltpolitik or Flottenpolitik. Finally the situation in Germany nationalism and hysteria and also SDP meant that to bring the country together a war would be the only reasonable choice.

Capital Punishment :: Essays Papers

Capital Punishment The death penalty is the most severe penalty in the United States judicial system. It is administered only for the most brutal of crimes. Three out of every four Americans are in favor of the death penalty. Opponents believe that the death penalty constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. Because the death penalty engenders such fervid debate among interested individuals, politicians often use the controversy to garner public support. There are many pros and cons pertaining to capital punishment. In 1972, the Supreme Court abolished the death penalty because it inflicted cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution. The number of people executed and later found to be innocent disturbed the Court. The Court also felt that the death penalty was being unfairly applied to minorities and poor people. In 1976, after the advent of lethal injection and additional laws to protect the innocent, the Supreme Court reversed its decision and reinstated the death penalty. Many of the same arguments that were used to abolish the death penalty are still being asserted today. People favor capital punishment for numerous reasons. First, capital punishment is believed to deter crime. Criminals may think twice before committing crimes, knowing that their actions could cost them their lives. Second, the victims relatives and friends may feel greater relief and closure if the perpetrator pays for the crime with his or her own life. People close to a victim are often upset by the fact that someone who took away a loved one can continue to live and even inflict more pain by being outspoken and unapologetic. Capital punishment can relieve fears that a killer will escape or be granted parole and return to harm someone else. Third, the death penalty saves money. Why should taxpayers support vicious criminals throughout their incarceration? Why should these criminals add to the serious problem of prison overcrowding which forces less serious violators to be released before their full sentences is served? Lastly, rough justice demands that someone who takes a life should not be allowed to live his or her own life. This principle dates back to the Bible, which provides an eye for an eye. The arguments against capital punishment are equally compelling. For one, the death penalty is biased against African Americans. Statistical evidence shows that African Americans are four times more likely to receive the death penalty than Caucasians.

Poverty and Rural Areas

I-INTRODUCTION Poverty remains the most critical social problem that needs to be addressed. Philippines' poverty line marks individuals earning less than 16,841 Peso a year. According to the data from the National Statistical Coordination Board, more than one-quarter (26. 5%) of the population falls below the poverty line in 2009. ]This figure is a much lower figure as compared to the 33. 1% in 1991. The decline has been slow and uneven, much slower than neighboring countries who experienced broadly similar numbers in the 1980s, such as People's Republic of China (PRC), Thailand, Indonesia (which poverty level lies at 8. %) or Vietnam (13. 5%). This shows that the incidence of poverty has remained significantly high as compared to other countries for almost a decade now. The unevenness of the decline has been attributed to a large range of income brackets across regions and sectors, and also unmanaged population growth. The Philippines poverty rate is roughly the same level as Haiti. The government planned to eradicate poverty as stated in the Philippines Development Plan (PDP). The PDP for the next six years are an annual economic growth of 7-8% and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).Under the MDGs, Philippines committed itself to halving extreme poverty from a 33. 1% in 1991 to 16. 6% by 2015. Understanding Philippine poverty II-CURRENT ISSUES Understanding Philippine poverty By BERNARDO VILLEGAS MANILA, Philippines – There have literally been dozens of studies on Philippine poverty over the last decade or so, by economists in Philippine universities, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and other international agencies. The latest one is entitled â€Å"Examining recent trends in poverty, inequality, and vulnerability† written by Dr.Jose Ramon Albert and Mr. Andre Philippe Ramos of the Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) which has produced over the years some very useful policy-oriented studies that can guide decision making in both the government and the private sector. The conclusion of the study is not a very happy one. As based on statistics released by the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) for 2000, 2003, and 2006, poverty in the Philippines is seen not to have substantially changed since the start of the millennium.Although there was a reduction of the proportion of the population who were considered poor from 33. 6 percent in 2000 to 30 percent in 2003, the poverty rate in 2006 increased to practically where it was at the beginning of the millennium at 32. 9 percent. Poverty has remained mostly unchanged and has also continued to be a predominantly rural phenomenon, with three out of every four persons found in the rural areas. The outlook looks even bleaker if the Philippine economy continues to grow at the same pace as it did in the last decade or so.It will take more than 17 years for half of the poor to exit poverty even if the per capita incomes of all persons in the country were to increase uniformly by 2 percent annually (adjusted for inflation). It will take an average time of 40 years for the poor to exit poverty if annual growth per capita is at 1 percent. It is quite evident from these projections that the Philippine economy must grow at 7 percent or more annually for the next ten or more years for there to be a significant reduction in poverty.A 7 percent growth in GDP would mean about 5 percent annual growth in per capita income since population growth is a little under 2 percent per annum. The experiences of the East Asian countries over the last twenty years (especially China) is that a growth of at least 7 percent in GDP annually for 20 years or more can make a significant dent on mass poverty. The Philippines has not attained this sustained growth of 7 percent or more over the last two decades mainly because of flawed economic policies based on import-substitution industrialization and an utter neglect of countryside a nd agricultural development.We can be optimistic that the 7 percent or more growth is attainable in the next decade or so because lessons have been learned from the past errors. Today, there is greater emphasis on export-oriented industrialization and more importantly, there is keener focus on rural and agricultural development. A greater portion of the capital budget of the Government is being spent on farm-to-market roads, irrigation systems, and post-harvest facilities. No longer is agriculture considered as the Cinderella of development. The study of Dr. Albert and Mr.Ramos also showed that in the rural areas, those at the lower and middle portions of the income distribution benefited less from growth during the period studied than those at the upper end of the distribution. They found out that while inequality went down as a whole for the country and urban areas for the period 2000 to 2006, the rural areas suffered from increased inequality largely brought about by differences in the top of the income distribution ladder. In view of these changes in income distribution, headcount poverty in the country decreased only by 0. 7 percent.Had there been no worsening of the inequality seen in the rural areas where the upper-income groups were the ones who benefited more from growth, headcount poverty would have fallen from 33. 6 percent to 22. 6 percent. The very modest gains in the fight against poverty can be attributed to improper targeting mechanisms for propoor projects and the absence of monitoring and evaluation systems for program implementation. The authors recommended that propoor public interventions that do not seem to have an impact should be reoriented, especially those with implementation and targeting issues.Policies and programs oriented toward the prevention of the transmission of poverty from one generation to the next, â€Å"especially by way of human resource investments and population management† must be essential components of any s ustainable reduction strategy of poverty and vulnerability. The authors have something positive to say about the controversial program of the present Administration of conditional cash transfers to the poorest of the poor. They opine that a conditional cash transfer program, if well executed and monitored, shows promise. Improving nonfarm income in rural areas must also be a policy thrust.My view is that these nonfarm incomes can come from tourism, transport and telecom, processed food products, housing and construction, garments and clothing accessories and other small and medium-scale enterprises that can be located in the rural areas once road and telecom networks are improved. The Philippine nautical highway is a real asset for the mobilization of non-farm rural employment. The Report concludes that sustained economic growth can dramatically reduce poverty (which would mean at least 7% annual GDP growth for the next twenty years) but this entails a serious management of resource s, â€Å"including population management. If by population management, the authors mean a drastic redistribution of the 93 million people in the Philippines away from monstrous urban areas like Metro Manila to the sparsely populated regions such as Isabela, Cagayan, Aurora, Quezon, Bicol, Leyte, Samar and numerous other rural areas, then they are right. With improved rural infrastructures such as farm-to-market roads, domestic seaports and airports, telecom facilities and educational institutions, this more efficient distribution of population will go a long way to reducing poverty in the rural areas.But if they mean reducing family sizes, the authors are contradicting themselves. They repeat over and over again that poverty is predominantly a rural phenomenon and is concentrated in the households of small farmers who are poor because they have been deprived by the State of the support infrastructures they need to earn decent incomes. They have to draw water from the rivers, plow t heir fields with the most primitive methods, bring their goods to the market using roads in the most horrible state of disrepair, etc. How can you tell these rural families to have only two children?The only resources they have precisely are their children, who many times are asked to leave school at an early age because they are needed for farm work. Until the rural infrastructures are significantly improved, these rural families would need and want to have many children. III-DEDUCTIVE REASONING REFLECTING: IF POVERTY WILL HAPPEN TO OUR FAMILY WE WILL FACE IT TOGETHER I WILL HELP MY PARENTS TO EARN MONEY SO THAT WE CAN EAT 3X A DAY . INTERPRETING: Condition  where people's basic  needs  for  food, clothing, and shelter are not being met.Poverty is generally of two  types: (1) Absolute poverty is synonymous with destitution and occurs when people cannot  obtain  adequate  resources  (measured in  terms  of  calories  or nutrition) to  support  a minimum level of physical  health. Absolute poverty  means  about the same everywhere, and can be eradicated as demonstrated by some  countries. (2) Relative poverty occurs when people do not enjoy a certain minimum level of living standards as determined by a  government  (and enjoyed by the  bulk  of the  population) that vary from country to country, sometimes within the same country.Relative poverty occurs everywhere, is said to be increasing, and may never be eradicated. APPLYING: More people need to realize that jail really is not worth the trouble, when a legal system for earning is available, as long as, one is willing to learn about it. Those who work jobs that they hate, do so, because they have no other choice or cannot see what other choices they do have. Millions of people go to work every day, angry with their boss or superior, and dread walking in the door.Their job does nothing to stimulate their learning or allow them to gain anything new. It is a damn sh ame that many jobs have become departmentalized dead-end, non-money making positions. You routinely go in and do the same thing over again, there is no growth out of your position. It is not meant to have a direct impact on profits, but does have an indirect effect on profits. The poverty problem, like I said earlier, is just a lack of knowledge. There are plenty of people who simply do not have the knowledge they need or require, to progress forward.There are some people who have addiction problems, and ended up homeless, because they were most likely not brought up properly. This is attributed to many different factors, but most of all family. EVALUATING: Rapid Population Growth Given that the population of the Philippines is increasing at a rapid rate of 2. 36% per year, it can be translated as an increase of more than 5,000 people daily in a country, which already has an increase of more than four million poor people since 1985. In 1985, the absolute number of people living in p overty was 26. 5 million.This increased to 30. 4 million in 2000 and from 2006 to 2009, increased by almost 970,000 Filipinos from 22. 2 million to 23. 1 million. As the Philippines has financially limited resources and a high poverty rate, the rapid increase in population has become a problem because there is already insufficient resources to support the population, which leaves much fewer resources to improve the economy. From 2003 to 2006, even though the Philippines experienced above-average economic growth, the poverty incidence actually increased as a result of its population growth rate.Unemployment Poverty reduction has not kept up with GDP growth rates, largely due to the high unemployment rate, high inflation rate and wide income inequality. From 2000 to 2009, the economy of Philippines grew by 3. 2% on average annually, which was on par with the economic performance of its neighbors. However, this recent growth did not translate into more jobs. Unemployment in the Philipp ines has been high in comparison to its neighbors, at around 7. 5% to 8. 0% since 2006.Sources: Philippine Development Plan: Asian Development Bank (ADB), 2010; National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) *Average for the period 2001-2010 As the world’s second largest archipelago, the Philippines have faced difficulty in job creation due to its inability to attract more foreign, direct investments. Diwa Guinigundo, whom is the Central Bank Deputy Governor, mentioned that while capital flows are turning to the emerging markets, foreign, direct investments to the Philippines remain relatively low due to the weak investment climate.The Philippines have hefty business procedures, poor tax and customs administration, weak protection against expropriation and high-energy cost. This poor investment climate has limited the Philippines ability to grow and create jobs. Therefore, the poverty rate remains constant over the years. SOLVING PROBLEM: 1. Employment generation Carefully an d extensively planned employment programs funded by the government can spur growth in jobs. Industries requiring substantial labour forces can also be given significantly larger aid from the government.Focus should be placed on developing companies that offer sustainable and long-term jobs to the community. Companies should also budget sufficiently for employee training and related community programs, so that employees and prospective employees can keep their skills relevant and up-to-date. 2. Drawing on various social institutions to fund poverty fighting programs e. g. charities, research institutions, U. N. , non-profit organizations, universities. Money funnelled from every organization available adds up to powerful sums that can produce tangible change.When organizations develop an interest, albeit vested, they tend to be more strongly motivated. Organizations that have a concrete goal to achieve with strict project plans are able to efficiently concentrate their efforts into p roducing change. For this reason charities with numerous middlemen organizations should be discouraged to ensure money reaches those in need. Importance should be given to organizations that follow the teach a man to fish ideology rather than the give the man a fish one, unless in extremely dire emergency circumstances. 3. Transparency in government spendingWhere and how a government chooses to spend taxpayers’ money and its own revenue should be visible to the media and the common man. This makes governments accountable for their actions and inaction becomes easier to pinpoint and address. It also discourages corruption in government systems. For example, transparency will be especially beneficial to civilians whose government might be allotting money to its nuclear weapons program instead of to its poverty programs. CONCLUSION The main problem in our country nowadays is poverty. Many experts made a research on how to solve it.Most in the community of the Philippines are gra ving. But sad to say that until now it is still in the stage of calamity. Poverty happens everywhere. They think citiesmay offer them a better-off living. They think they'll be much better off living in the cities than in their own villages, which only offer them natural resources. Being rich and having a great sum of money instantly are often the cause of massive exodus. What happens later is beyond their expectations; they become jobless, homeless, and the worse impact is that they are unable to return to their villages for they don't even have money to return.Most poor people who battle hunger deal with chronic undernourishment and vitamin or mineral deficiencies, which result in stunted growth, weakness and heightened susceptibility to illness. Poor children are the most prone to this and are often the victims to malnutrition, deficiencies, diseases and ultimately deaths caused by hunger. The persons who are in the position must have enough knowledge about the solutions on the p roblem. They should make a step by step process to ensure the proper on the global major problem.

Social Construction of Crime

Social Construction of Crime The obvious definition of crime is the legal definition of an act which breaks the law. It is a social construction as it varies across culture, time and law. Crime is defined by a society's own rules, norms and beliefs at any given time in history. Hazel Croall emphasizes pathological way and social construction of crime in the book. An analysis of reasons of crime reveals the fact that crime is a functional part of a society, constructed by society in political, economical and cultural aspects and affects the society as a loop back. Crime is created by the government by choosing to outlaw something. Government creates what crime is or not. For instance all non-violent drug offenses are crimes that would not be considered crimes if the government hadn't made drugs illegal. That is one form of how government constructs crime. Another is that it constructs crime for its own interests. Money tracking laws and tax evasion are in this category. In fact the best way to make money is to get the government to force people to give it to you. Such as in America the drugs of the rich and middle class are either legal, or not strongly enforced. Generally celebrities who use cocaine do not do serious jail time but the drugs of the poor and minorities are illegal because they cannot afford to pay commissions. Consequently as lawmakers consider crime as a creation of the citizens, in fact crime is a creation of lawmakers who decided to limit civil freedoms by their own moral standards. However crime could change across cultures and times. For example, polygamy is illegal in Turkey but acceptable in many African cultures. Cannabis tincture was permissible as a painkiller in Victorian times but today possession of cannabis is illegal in UK. Crime is present in every society through the history. Therefore Durkheim argues that it could be assumed to be normal and its function determined (14). Crime unifies the community, as it clarifies and strengthens moral sentiments, the collective conscience and the rules. On the other hand, Downes and Rock object this idea, claiming that crime may isolate people by making them stay in at night, lock their doors and avoid talking to strangers (15). But these are valid for too much crime. Excessive crime leads people to disintegration, while too little crime is the product of too strong social control. Hence crime rates must not be excessively high or excessively low in order to crime could be functional. According to Durkheim, the cohesion and solidarity of pre-industrial societies broke up with the growth of industry (16). People started to have fewer moral standards or constraints to guide them. People’s expectations increased with the economic growth. Materialism and wealth became universal goals. And he called anomie as the search for attainable goals. Anomie reflects in society as many ways such as conformists, innovators, retreatists. Frustration and hopelessness as a result of boundless aspirations direct people to crime as another chance to achieve their goals. That is the inevitable social construction of crime that arises with industrialization Furthermore crime can be related to economic conditions. Firstly unemployment is one of the important reasons to increase crime. Crow, consider increases in unemployment as a threat to law and order (34). With globalization, many traditional crafts and skills became redundant. Therefore unskilled workers could not find long-term jobs and opportunities for career progression. As Taylor says, economic cycles of growth and recession produce changes in employment and consumption (34). Unemployment is popularly linked to crime. But the employed people also commit crime and all the unemployed people are not criminals. Such as the retired, the idle rich or the redundant executive could commit crime. Because worklessness means having more time and opportunity to commit crime. Secondly another economic reason of crime is the market policies. Currie argue that market society promotes crime by increasing inequality and concentrated economic deprivation, weakening capacity of local communities, stressing and fragmenting the family and withdrawing public provision of basic services (40). These policies affect not only lower class but all kinds of crime. â€Å"The encouragement of individualism and the aggressive pursuit of profits can be associated with law breaking among managers and executives and with an increase in financial frauds. Economic and industrial changes have also affected organized crime which can become an alternative labour market† (Croall, 41). To sum up, economic reasons take a large part in social construction of crime. Most importantly, crime arises in certain places in which there is the blatant segregation of the rich and poor. Mostly people tend to live in the same areas with other people who earn the same amount of money. In low income areas, people see crime as a way to make a few extra dollars. Therefore poor people commit crime more than other people and that forms the ‘underclass’ notion. But it is government responsibility for the economic and social policies which produce these conditions. Government is supposed to do necessary regulations to protect poor people to commit crime. Taking into account all these factors mentioned above, we can safely arrive at the conclusion that crime is inevitable reality of humanity. Although there are a few exceptions, crime do not occur due to a criminal disease or a criminal gene. It’s constructed in society rather than individually. Society creates crime, then crime affects society. In conclusion crime is what a society chooses it to be, and the crime rate is what the society chooses it to be.

The Main Types of Essay Papers

The Main Types of Essay Papers Defining Narrative, Argumentative, Expository Essay Types Students of all ages face the necessity to complete various types of academic works. Types of assigned papers usually depend on students’ grade and specialization. However, some essay types are included in general education program. It means you inevitably have to write them no matter if you are studying Law or Science. This time we will define the major essay types including Narrative, Argumentative and Expository essays defining their features in addition to useful writing tips. Essay type 1 – Narrative essay Everything looks pretty simple here. All you need is to try a role of a storyteller. Speak to your audience in a written way and tell about any real-life experienced that stroke you in the past. Students like writing narrative essays although the paper may still be rather challenging for immature and amateur writers. Narrative essay topic examples: The Happiest Family Vacation; My Worst Enemy. Essay type 2 – Expository essay College students are familiar with this type of academic paper. They are actually the same as research papers. Here you need to deliver facts merely and support the topic and your point of view. The most challenging aspect of this essay is to arrange all paragraphs, sentences and thoughts establishing a coherence for the reader. Make sure your audience can put up with all facts and data you deliver. Expository essay topic examples: How do mobile devices affect people’s lives? The results of Communism. Essay type 3 – Argumentative essay This is where you need to persuade your readers that you provide the only right point of view. The name of the paper makes it clear that students are supposed to highlight strong arguments in favor of their opinions. Although you are allowed using other experts’ opinions, the main mission of the paper is to design one of your own. Argumentative essay topic examples: Can mobile devices replace live communication? Is the modern education program efficient when finding a job?

Battle of Wauhatchie in the Civil War

Battle of Wauhatchie in the Civil War fBattle of Wauhatchie - Conflict Dates: The Battle of Wauhatchie was fought October 28-29, 1863, during the American Civil War (1861-1865).   Armies Commanders: Union Major General Joseph HookerBrigadier General John W. Geary3 divisions Confederate Lieutenant General James Longstreet1 division Battle of Wauhatchie - Background: Following the defeat at the Battle of Chickamauga, the Army of the Cumberland retreated north to Chattanooga.  There Major General William S. Rosecrans and his command were besieged by General Braxton Braggs Army of Tennessee.  With the situation deteriorating, the Union XI and XII Corps were detached from the Army of the Potomac in Virginia and sent west under the leadership of Major General Joseph Hooker.  In addition, Major General Ulysses S. Grant received orders to come east from Vicksburg with part of his army and assume command over all Union troops around Chattanooga.  Overseeing the newly-created Military Division of the Mississippi, Grant relieved Rosecrans and replaced him with Major General George H. Thomas.   Battle of Wauhatchie - Cracker Line: Assessing the situation, Grant implemented a plan devised by Brigadier General William F. Baldy Smith for reopening a supply line to Chattanooga.  Dubbed the Cracker Line, this called for Union supply boats to land cargo at Kelleys Ferry on the Tennessee River.  It would then move east to Wauhatchie Station and up Lookout Valley to Browns Ferry.  From there goods would re-cross the river and move over Moccasin Point to Chattanooga.  To secure this route, Smith would establish a bridgehead at Browns Ferry while Hooker moved overland from Bridgeport to the west (Map).   Though Bragg was unaware of the Union plan, he directed Lieutenant General James Longstreet, whose men held the Confederate left, to occupy Lookout Valley.  This directive was ignored by Longstreet whose men remained on Lookout Mountain to the east.  Before dawn on October 27, Smith successfully secured Browns Ferry with two brigades led by Brigadier Generals William B. Hazen and John B. Turchin.  Alerted to their arrival, Colonel William B. Oates of the 15th Alabama attempted a counterattack but was unable to dislodge the Union troops.  Advancing with three divisions from his command, Hooker reached Lookout Valley on October 28.  Their arrival surprised Bragg and Longstreet who were having a conference on Lookout Mountain.  Ã‚   Battle of Wauhatchie - The Confederate Plan: Reaching Wauhatchie Station on the Nashville Chattanooga Railroad, Hooker detached Brigadier General John W. Gearys division and proceeded north to encamp at Browns Ferry.  Due to a shortage of rolling stock, Gearys division had been reduced by a brigade and was only supported by the four guns of Knaps Battery (Battery E, Pennsylvania Light Artillery).  Recognizing the threat posed by Union forces in the valley, Bragg directed Longstreet to attack.  After assessing the Hookers deployments, Longstreet determined to move against Gearys isolated force at Wauhatchie.  To accomplish this, he ordered Brigadier General Micah Jenkins division to strike after dark.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moving out, Jenkins sent the brigades of Brigadier Generals Evander Law and Jerome Robertson to occupy high ground south of Browns Ferry.  This force was tasked with preventing Hooker from marching south to aid Geary.  To the south, Brigadier General Henry Bennings brigade of Georgians was directed to hold a bridge over Lookout Creek and act as a reserve force.  For the assault against the Union position at Wauhatchie, Jenkins assigned Colonel John Brattons brigade of South Carolinians.  At Wauhatchie, Geary, concerned about being isolated, posted Knaps Battery on a small knoll and ordered his men to sleep with their weapons at hand.  The 29th Pennsylvania from Colonel George Cobhams brigade provided pickets for the entire division. Battle of Wauhatchie - First Contact: Around 10:30 PM, the lead elements of Brattons brigade engaged the Union pickets.  Approaching Wauhatchie, Bratton ordered the Palmetto Sharpshooters to move east of the railroad embankment in an attempt to flank Gearys line.  The 2nd, 1st, and 5th South Carolinas extended the Confederate line west of the tracks.  These movements took time in the darkness and it was not until 12:30 AM that Bratton commenced his assault.  Slowing the enemy, the pickets from the 29th Pennsylvania bought Geary time to form his lines.  While the 149th and 78th New Yorks from Brigadier General George S. Greenes brigade took a position along the railroad embankment facing east, Cobhams remaining two regiments, the 111th and 109th Pennsylvanias, extended the line west from the tracks (Map).  Ã‚   Battle of Wauhatchie - Fighting in the Dark: Attacking, the 2nd South Carolina quickly sustained heavy losses from both the Union infantry and Knaps Battery.  Hampered by the darkness, both sides were often reduced firing at the muzzle flashes of the enemy.  Finding some success on the right, Bratton attempted to slip the 5th South Carolina around Gearys flank.  This movement was blocked by the arrival of Colonel David Irelands 137th New York.  While pushing this regiment forward, Greene fell wounded when a bullet shattered his jaw.  As a result, Ireland assumed command of the brigade.  Seeking to press his attack against the Union center, Bratton slid the battered 2nd South Carolina to the left and threw forward the 6th South Carolina.   In addition, Colonel Martin Garys Hampton Legion was ordered to the far Confederate right.  This caused the 137th New York to refuse its left to prevent being flanked.  Support for the New Yorkers soon arrived as the 29th Pennsylvania, having re-formed from picket duty, took a position on their left.  As the infantry adjusted to each Confederate thrust, Knaps Battery took heavy casualties.  As the battle progressed both battery commander Captain Charles Atwell and Lieutenant Edward Geary, the generals eldest son, fell dead.  Hearing the fighting to the south, Hooker mobilized the XI Corps divisions of Brigadier Generals Adolph von Steinwehr and Carl Schurz.  Moving out, Colonel Orland Smiths brigade from von Steinwehrs division soon came under fire from Law.   Veering east, Smith began a series of assaults on Law and Robertson.  Drawing in Union troops, this engagement saw the Confederates hold their position on the heights.  Having repulsed Smith several times, Law received erroneous intelligence and ordered both brigades to withdraw.  As they departed, Smiths men attacked again and overran their position.  At Wauhatchie, Gearys men were running low on ammunition as Bratton prepared another assault.  Before this moved forward, Bratton received word that Law had withdrawn and that Union reinforcements were approaching.  Unable to maintain his position in these circumstances, he repositioned the 6th South Carolina and Palmetto Sharpshooters to cover his withdraw and began retreating from the field. Battle of Wauhatchie - Aftermath:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the fighting at the Battle of Wauhatchie, Union forces sustained 78 killed, 327 wounded, and 15 missing while Confederate losses numbered 34 killed, 305 wounded, and 69 missing.  One of the few Civil War battles fought entirely at night, the engagement saw the Confederates fail to close the Cracker Line to Chattanooga.  Over the coming days, supplies began to flow to the Army of the Cumberland.  Following the battle, a rumor circulated that Union mules had been stampeded during the battle leading the enemy to believe that they were being attacked by cavalry and ultimately their causing their retreat.  Though a stampede may have occurred, it was not the cause of the Confederate withdrawal.  Over the next month, Union strength grew and in late November Grant commenced the Battle of Chattanooga which drove Bragg from the area. Selected Sources Civil War Trust: Battle of WauhatchieCWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle WauhatchieHistory of War: Battle of Wauhatchie

Analyzing movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analyzing - Movie Review Example Set in a not so distant future, the movie depicts not just an interesting concept whether traveling back in time is possible, but it also showcases the actual concept of trust, communication and generally, relational development. As the movie progresses, we can see the stages involved in the actual development of relationship which include the concept of initiating stage, experimentation, intensifying stage, integration stage and bonding stage as the integral components of the coming together of the characters. There are many scenes in the film that we can use to illustrate the relational development among the characters, but it is important to try to figure it out how this happens in the case between Darius and Kenneth. Apart from the classified ad, it was Darius who made the first attempt to initiate the initial contact, as she started to find her way to Kenneth at the convenience store where he works. Since it was purely a business purpose for Darius, the one who must finally deci de to build up the real relationship is no other than Kenneth himself, and this means he needs to come up with first impressions about this magazine staff. His first impression about Darius looks like it fits in his essential qualification for the one he wants to travel back in time with, which must be far from what he has just experienced with Jeff. In this step of relational development, it is clear that the initiating stage has been successfully employed, as Kenneth’s first impression about Darius is someone whom he could confide with the vital information linked to the mission. This concept is certainly applied well in this scene of the movie, because of the depiction of first impression that is elemental to the initial developmental stage of relationship. In fact, this paves the way for the next stage of relational development, which is a clear consequence of the successful employment of the initial stage of relationship development. Somewhere in the movie when Kenneth w alked out from the restaurant after Darius discovered his artificial ear, is a significant highlight of the development of the next stage, which is the experimentation. Kenneth is essentially probing in this part, to know if Darius is really the one to choose in the mission. In the relational development, everything might end up here, just as in the case of Jeff and his high school crush. However, the film shows effective implementation of the experimentation stage in the case of Kenneth and Darius, just as how the latter via an emotional conversation also reveals their common ground, implying that they both experienced in their childhood years as laughing stuffs of the people around them, which is a move that leads them further to the next step, the intensifying stage. The intensifying stage is revealed in the film when Kenneth finally discloses to Darius his actual reason for going to a time travel. Darius responded with all sincerity, which eventually creates an impression on the part of Kenneth that his disclosure is reciprocated. Kenneth even discloses his talent in music, which is something that touches Darius for real, leading them to go to the next level of relational development, the integration stage. The ultimate highlight of integration stage as the movie depicts is when Darius and Kenneth passionately kiss and comfort each other on that one remarkable

Anger Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anger Management - Essay Example There are several factors that influence effects of anger to a person; these include race, sex, cultural and family background, and age. Anger is a two-sided emotion that may be beneficial to an individual (constructive anger) by warning of expected problems, at the same time bring harm (Peacock, Stutman and London, 2000). ADA Americans with Disabilities Act is a civil rights legislation policy that contains stipulated actions concerning the accommodation of individuals possessing any kind of disability in terms of access to judicial system, services, programs, and activities. In this scenario, John can use the ADA to assist him in the circumstances facing his employment. Both anger and emotional swings affecting John are due to the bipolar disorder, which is a mental disability. Such forms of disability are described within the ADA policy to hold ground in any given situation at the workplace, as it appears under the request for accommodation in court proceedings section of the ADA, and this section describes qualified individuals with disabilities. With the evidence from the psychiatrist concerning John’s condition, and the subsequent treatment, there is enough prove that truly John has a mental disability or disorder, which results in mood swing causing negative anger that provokes him to threaten others with violence.

Distress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Distress - Essay Example She first felt the lump in her breast a month prior to admission. She was advised by her GP to have a mammography and the tests revealed that she had a mass in her breast. Further laboratory testing revealed that the mass was malignant and that cancer cells have already metastasized to her liver. She was immediately scheduled for double mastectomy and subsequent chemotherapy. After the surgery, it was discovered that cancer cells also metastasized to her colon. Another surgery is being scheduled to resect the mass in her colon. She is now feeling a lot of distress, mainly because of her children and her family. She is also feeling distress because of her impending surgery and her chances of beating the disease. She fears also the chemotherapy which may or may not work. She mostly fears for the people she will leave behind, who will take care of them, and guide them as children and as young adults. She is also distressing about the pain she knows she might experience as her disease wo uld progress. And finally, she is also distressing about whether or not the medical remedies they are using would work in managing her symptoms and in possibly prolonging her life. She is in a constant state of anxiety, at times she is tearful, and at other times she is panicking. She often wrings her fingers in an obvious state of agitation and concern for her family. She also sometimes displays anger at no one in particular. At which time, she would snap at her health care givers and even at her family members. She often immediately regrets these incidents and would cry about them. At times, she would be sad and melancholy and mostly just insist on sleeping. She would also manifest a brooding and contemplative attitude; these times often lead to moments of worry and of anxiety about herself and her family’s future. She also tries to comfort her family members and just try to be strong for them; but undeniably, there are times when she is very much agitated and anxious about her condition. During these times, she registers with elevated heart rates, breathing rates, and blood pressure rates. She has had no major medical problems. Prior to giving birth to her first child, she has had no history of hospitalization. She is slightly overweight, but not overly so. She has no history of drug and alcohol abuse. She is not a smoker, and only indulges on a glass of red wine during weekends. She tries her best to maintain a healthy diet of fruits and vegetables, but she has not been able to maintain such a diet because her children are picky eaters and they dislike vegetables. Her diet mostly consists of rice, red meat, chicken; breads; potatoes, peas, carrots, fish, legumes, and fastfoods. She was diagnosed with hyperglycemia a year prior to her current admission, but such issue was resolved within one month of taking medications. She has had normal pregnancies for her three children and has carried them all to term. Her menstrual periods have been regular sinc e she first had them; but about a year ago, she started to miss periods. She did not have herself checked because she thought she was already going into menopause. She also experienced some tenderness in her breasts 2 months ago, but she did not feel much pain from the tenderness so she again did not go to her GP for consult. She felt dizzy and nauseated two weeks prior to admission and sought her GP for a consult. She was given medications for a stomach virus. After a day of taking the medications,

Human Growth And Development Analysis

Human Growth And Development Analysis As a social care worker I have often learned through trial and error what works in the real world, basing my practice on common-sense and not on abstract theories. But I recognise my views are often based on opinion and prejudice rather than evidence-based, peer-reviewed knowledge and as Beckett suggests, our own theories and ideas about why people are as they are and behave as they behave, are usually quite inconsistent and arbitrary, based on our own experience and on our own needs (Beckett, 2002:8). Human growth and development theory is concerned with understanding how people grow and change throughout their lives, from the vital early stages to old age, and therefore is essential for informing social work practice. The theory can be applied to a variety of areas within human life and conduct including social, cultural, emotional and psychological, and also, moral, intellectual, spiritual and biological viewpoints. In this assignment I will focus on the psychological and cultural significance of the stages of development in relation to a 12 year old in foster care. Jake, a dual heritage British male, was taken into care 4 years ago following him being removed from his mother Maggie an African Caribbean female aged 32. Jake and Maggie lived in a 3rd floor, 2 bedroom flat in an area where drug dealing and drug related crime is common place. In Jakes bedroom he had a plastic box for his clothes and mattress on the bare floor with a bucket for a toilet as Maggie would lock him in his room when she went out. Maggie had been using drugs for many years and her previous partner (Jakes father) introduced her to heroin 5 years ago. She quickly became addicted and the relationship broke down shortly afterwards. Jakes father has not had any contact or attempted to make contact since the break up. Jake and Maggie had been known to Social Services as Maggie was a victim of domestic violence and spent 4 months in a womens refuge. Jake has had a number of placement breakdowns and has been unable to form any attachments with any of the foster carers. Jake would often defecate around the house and his last placement broke-down because Jake defecated in the foster carers bed then went on to smear their bedroom walls. Jake displayed difficulties in using a knife and fork and would often get frustrated and either eat with a spoon or his hands. Maggie had been diagnosed as suffering from a severe depression, worsened by her drug addiction. It is thought that whilst Maggie was going through a depressive episode she would physically abuse Jake. Jake was often left on his own for long periods whilst Maggie would be out in search of drugs. When she returned home Jake was subjected to emotional abuse and was often blamed by Maggie for their situation. Jake has been in the fostering system for a number of years and in that time he has not formed any meaningful attachments. Whilst in placement Jake disclosed events and thoughts which alerted foster carers to the fact that there may be some unresolved issues that need to be addressed before Jake can move on with his own growth and development. Jake would often revert to pulling his hair and banging his head on the wall if he felt he had done something wrong and was going to be blamed for it. For example, when he accidentally breaking a cup. Jake is being assessed by CAMHs as he has been displaying behaviour that indicates there may be an underlying depressive mental health problem. Theories of human development have produced explanations about the origins of mental disorder in the areas of psycho-analysis and child psychology, from the early grand theories of Freud and Bowlby and further developed by Klein and Ainsworth. Freud saw psychodynamic theory as a more informative model in relating past psychological events to present day symptoms. Freud believed behaviour is not ruled by conscious processes but conflicting unconscious processes, he saw a persons psychological processes involving counteracting forces competing in an intra psychic conflict, a concept shared by many theorists of human growth and development. In Freuds model a child starts life with specific basic instinctual needs, such as for food or sexual gratification. Internally, the id continually seeks to meet these needs, while the ego mediates between the desires of the id and the restraints of the external world, particularly the demands of significant and powerful adults in the childs life, such as his mother and teachers. According to Freud these adult figures are eventually internalised in the form of the superego, or adult conscience. The childs ego attempts to negotiate the competing demands placed upon him, developing his own d istinct personality and progressing to adulthood (Freud, 1949). Eriksons psychosocial stages of development have Freudian psychodynamic origins. The idea that unconscious processes cause conflict within humans is also central to Eriksons theory. His staged development model is based on the idea that these intra-psychic conflicts occur throughout our lives and need to be resolved satisfactorily if we are to avoid psychological distress and mental illness (Erikson, 1995). Eriksons psychosocial theory of human development builds on Freuds psychodynamic model, but while Erikson accepts ideas, such as the unconscious, he rejects concepts of the personality which are described exclusively in terms of sexuality. Again, like Freud, Erikson believed childhood was central in the development of personality, but that the personality continued to develop beyond the age of five (Erikson, 1995). Eriksons psychosocial model describes eight stages from infancy and adulthood. At each stage a person encounters new challenges. If they are not successful in meeting these challenges, they may reappear as problems in the future. However, while each stage presents new challenges, they also provide opportunities to deal with the unresolved issues. In Eriksons model there is no assumption that one stage has to be fully completed or that the most favourable outcome has to be achieved before moving on. In fact, he acknowledges that it is likely that everyone will have unresolved issues from previous stages and there is a favourable ratio between favourable and unfavourable outcomes (Erikson, 1987). However, the more unresolved issues carried forward, will impede successful progressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦an unfavourable outcome in one stage makes it more difficult to meet fully the challenge of the next stage (Beckett, 2006:42). Eriksons model proposes a first stage that involves establishing a sense of trust (0 1 yrs.). If partly or completely unsuccessful at this stage, then it will be more difficult to achieve a sense of autonomy at the next stage (1 3 yrs.), and then more difficult still to develop a capacity for initiative in the next stage (3 5 yrs). The next stage in Eriksons model (6 11 yrs) involves establishing a sense of competence and achievement, confidence in ones own ability to make and do things (Beckett, 2006: 43). It is difficult to conclude how successful Jake was able to negotiate previous stages, however it has been suggested that despite adversities some children are able to develop reasonably well-adjusted personalities demonstrating resilience and normal development under difficult circumstances (Crawford Walker, 2003: 48). One of the weaknesses of Freuds and Eriksons theories of human growth and development using stages as the model, is the underlying assumption that everyones lives follow these particular linear lines, and that we all, more or less, achieve the same milestones at the same time. However, we know this is rarely the case. It appears, for instance, that these theories were based solely on a white, male Eurocentric model, and do not consider specifically customs from other cultures or perspective. Baltes (1987), for example, suggests human development is multidimensional, involving biological, cognitive and social dimensions, and multidirectional, not to be viewed as a single fixed route which represents the norm, but as periods of varying growth and differing paths. Bowlby differs from Freud in that he saw an attachment between child, and mother or primary attachment figure (which may differ according to the social and cultural background of family), as an essential need in itself and not simply to meet basic needs, such as, food and sex: Mother love in infancy and childhood is as important for mental health as are vitamins and proteins for physical health (Bowlby, 1953). Attachment theorists maintain that the way we relate to other people through our lives is influenced significantly by our first relationship with our mother or primary attachment figure (Howe, 1995; Howe et al, 1999). They suggest, like Erikson and Freud, that many problems in adulthood stem from unresolved issues in these early attachment relationships and these early relationships can shape an adults ability to form relationships, to parent, to deal with loss, and influence mental health in adulthood (Bowlby, 1990). While accepting much of his work, critics of Bowlby claim he placed too much emphasis on the child/mother relationship and suggest children may form several attachments which can be equally important (Rutter, 1981; Fahlberg 1991). However, children who experience trauma are sometimes unable to progress without repressing or closing down part of their conscious awareness of these events. We can imagine Jake needing to shut out his experiences of childhood neglect and, according to Freud, automatically and unconsciously repress the events of neglect and abuse. We can see how blocking out these unresolved issues could emerge in the form of depression at some point in the future. There is evidence of the social origins of depression in women, suggesting that specific life events, losses and major long term problems, such as childhood abuse, are significant causes of depression (Brown Harris, 1978). I feel that this best reflects Maggies current situation. We can imagine Jake experiencing a sense of loss or maternal deprivation (Crawford Walker, 2003) when faced with his mothers depression. This is a common emotional reaction in carers of adults with depression, the seemingly most central and common experience was the feeling that the person they had known who had become ill had gone away: they had become someone elseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦there is the loss of the person that was, and secondly, and more complexly, there is the experience of the loss of the previous possibilities (Jones, 1996: 98-99). Although Maggie may have experienced depression continuously before Jakes birth, it is more probable that she had periods of respite when her capacity for emotional warmth and attentiveness to her sons needs was greater than during times of relapse. The difference in the consistency and intensity of a childs attachment relationships is considered an important factor by a number of attachment theorists (Ainsworth, 1973). The theories of human growth and development discussed above suggest that Jakes experience of abuse as a child may prevent him from developing into a mentally healthy adult. He may have automatically and unconsciously repressed the trauma of these events, only to experience the mental distress of depression in the future. Jake may have experienced physical abuse from an early age and failed to successfully achieve a sense of trust or autonomy or develop a capacity for initiative while growing up. Even relatively short periods of physical abuse at crucial stages may have placed severe pressures on his relationship with his mother. Jake may have only known his mother as depressed, but their relationship may have determined Jakes future capacity to form relationships, for instance, with foster carers or at school with friends and teachers. The method of intervention in Jakes life could be usefully informed by research that links mental distress with experiences of powerlessness. It has been suggested that mental distress may be seen as extreme internalisations of powerlessness placing a paralysing power both over those who may experience such forms of distress, and those who share their lives (Tew, 2005: 72). Using social models, Tew suggests two complementary ways to understand mental distress, internalisation or acting out of stressful social experiences and a coping or survival strategyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to deal with particular painful or stressful experiences (Tew, 2005: 20). A persons mental health needs may, to a certain extent, be determined by their membership of certain social groups that experience systematic oppression (Fernando, 1995; Gomm, 1996). Oppression, exclusion and powerlessness are the central themes of many social models of mental health needs, related to structural inequalities in terms of age, gender, race and class and so on, and involving families in terms of abuse. As social workers we occupy a relatively powerful position and may collude with the systematic oppression of black people with mental health needs: Factors such as oppression, injustice, social exclusion or abuse at the hands of powerful others may be implicated in the sequences of events that lead up to many peoples experiences of mental and emotional breakdown. Power issues may also shape the reactions that people receive from professionals and the wider community-for example, evidence suggests that African-Caribbean people may be more likely than many white groups to b e dealt with more coercively (Tew, 2005: 71). When coming to a stage where we may be better able to understand Jakes current circumstances and making initial judgments about the type of intervention most effective in this case, we need to recognise the limitations of our insights and avoid the pitfalls of making uncritical assumptions. Tew suggests that empowerment can be an integral part in the process of Jakes recovery. He outlines a model of power in terms of protection and co-operation and oppressive and collusive: In its more negative forms (oppressive or collusive power) it may be seen to play a role in constructing social situations which contribute to distress or breakdownà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in its more positive forms (protective or co-operative power) it starts to define the territory for effective partnership working, anti-oppressive practice and the enabling of recovery and social inclusion (Tew, 2005, p. 86). According to the psychodynamic model of human growth, Jake may have grown up with many intra-psychic conflicts which may be emerging in the form of a neurotic or reactive depression. He may have many conscious and unconscious needs which she has suppressed and repressed. In denying and blocking out the fulfilment of these needs, he may have shut down areas of his consciousness which allows him to: experience emotion; interact with others in a spontaneous way; or experience fulfilling close and intimate relationships with carer and their spouse. Depending on the extent of physical abuse he encountered during his upbringing, it would be reasonable to assume that he may have been completely or partly unsuccessful in: achieving a capacity for trust with his parent; achieving autonomy; or developing a capacity for taking initiative, as described in Eriksons psychosocial model. For these reasons, it seems likely he will have failed to maintain a healthy, consistent and sustained relationsh ip with his mother or other primary attachment figure in the abusive situation he found himself. Intervention must aim to address issues of power and powerlessness, both in the foster carer/child relationship and outside it. As a man, as a person with mental health needs, and as a member of a black or minority ethnic group, Jake may experience oppression, abuse and social exclusion. To address these issues elements of empowerment and partnership should be part of the approach with an intervention designed to address Jakes mental health needs should involve building on his efforts to achieve his own full potential. This will include his ability to form and maintain healthy relationships with others, that would lessen any dependence on formal agencies and develop an alternative source of positive support and increase social inclusion.