Green Architecture :: Sustainable Building Environment Essays

Green Architecture Green architecture is an approach to building which has become more popular in the last 25 to 30 years. Also known as sustainable design, green architecture is a method of design that minimizes the impact of building on the environment. Once thought of as unconventional and nonstandard, both regulatory agencies and the public alike are quickly accepting green architecture as a socially responsible and logical means of construction. The beginnings of today's green revolution can be traced back to the environmental awareness of the 1960s and European design. New construction techniques have lead to the development of innovative materials and design concepts. Green buildings are designed, constructed and commissioned to ensure they are healthy for their occupants. Successfully designed green projects can involve an extensive array of factors, ranging from the resourceful use of materials, to careful consideration of function, climate, and location. The concepts about green architecture can generally be organized into several areas of application. These areas include sustainability, materials, energy efficiency, land use, and waste reduction. Green buildings are not only designed for present use, but consideration is also been given to future uses as well. An adaptable structure can be "recycled" many times over the course of its useful life. If specific technical issues prevent use of the building for a new function, then the materials used in its construction are designed to facilitate ease of recycling and reprocessing of materials. Buildings consume a variety of materials in their construction. Green design reduces the dependence on resource intensive products and materials. Today, there are an increasing number of products available made from efficient, earth-friendly, or recycled materials. In a green building, consideration is also given to the construction process itself. Materials that minimize waste or can be recycled, help contribute to an efficient and environmentally sensitive construction process. Another important aspect of green architecture is the integration of energy efficient mechanical systems and conservation methods. Green buildings are designed to reduce or eliminate the dependence on fossil fuels. Additionally, green designs further help to minimize waste through the use of gray water recycling and other sustainable energy strategies. Grey water is conserved or saved to be recycled to water gardens. Land use and building orientation also plays a critical role in green architecture. A green building is located to take advantage of its climate and surroundings. These conditions not only affect the efficiency of a building, but of the community and society as a whole.

Corporate Governance Review of Vinashin Business Group

|ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET | |(to be completed by the student) | |AIB student ID number: |A12271 | | | | |Student name: |TRUONG PHUONG LY | | | | |Course name: |MBA Human Resource Management | | | | |Subject name: |Corporate Governance | | | | |Subject facilitator: |Ryan Galloway | | | | |Teaching Centre: |ERC Vietnam | | | | |No. f pages: |9 | | | | |Word count: |1721 words | | | | |DECLARATION | | | |I, the above named student, confirm that by submitting, or causing the attached assignment to be submitted, to AIB, I have not | |plagiarised any other person’s work in this assignment and except where appropriately acknowledged, this assignment is my own work,| |has been expressed in my own words, and has not previously been submitted for assessment. | ASSESSMENT SHEET | |(to be completed by the examiner) | |Student name: | | | | | |Course name: | | | | | |Subject name: | | | | | |Assessor/marker: | | | | | |COMMENTS | |Principles learnt (for example, number and understanding of principles referred to, their influence on the structure of this paper,| |number and correct citations of  references, use of appropriate jargon)      | | |/4 | | | | |Application of principles. That is, the  analysis and evaluation of the example problem based on the | | |principles, including the final recommendations and their justification | | | |/8 | | | |How well the example problem was described, including the extent and depth of information (including | | |the data) about it that was accessed | | | |/4 | | | | |Structure and presentation | | | |/2 | | | | |Style, grammar   and language | | | |/2 | | | | |Total | | |Less penalties | | |GRAND TOTAL |/20 | |General comments | | | | | | |FOR MODERATOR’S USE ONLY | | |/20 | |I agree with the assessor’s assessment | | |I disagree with the assessor’s assessment and the new mark is as follows for the following reasons: | | | | | | |Moderator: | | Title: Corporate Governan ce Review of VINASHIN Business Group Word count: 1721 words Executive Summary: VINASHIN is one of the biggest state-owned enterprises of Vietnam. This report conducts a review of the corporate governance of VINASHIN, including the analysis of its board structure and its board committees.There are three problems in VINASHIN governance: members of the board were not qualified enough for the scope of the company, Chairman and CEO was one single person (Mr Binh), audit committee was not effective. Therefore, VINASHIN should consider hiring more appropriately experienced directors, separating the role of Chairman and CEO, and improving the effectiveness of its audit committee. Table of Contents 1. Introduction5 2. Discussion5 2. 1. Board structure and its effectiveness5 2. 2. Board committee and their effectiveness6 2. 3. Recomendations7 3. Conclusion9 Reference9 1. Introduction VINASHIN Business Group (abbreviated as VINASHIN) is a Vietnamese state-owned enterprise specialized in shipbu ilding industry. Since it was found in 1996 based on the reorganization of Viet Nam Shipbuilding Corporation, VINASHIN had developed successfully.The annual growth rate in the period between 1996 and 2007 was 35%-40% and the net revenue of 2008 was 29 trillion VND (about $1. 4 billion). It was undoubtedly one of the biggest Vietnamese companies in terms of investment range and capability. However, at the beginning of 2010, VINASHIN was criticised publicly for bad business performance which caused the loss of 5 trillion VND (about $238 million). Even worse, this figure which was clarified by the state inspectors was three times bigger than the loss figure reported in 2009 annual financial statements by VINASHIN. Due to the world economic crisis, a series of shipbuilding contracts were cancelled.The company was then $4 billion in debt and sued by Elliot VIN (a Dutch hedge fund) for being unable to pay the $600 million debt. VINASHIN experienced the most difficult period of its history when the danger of debacle was very close and members of its board of directors were arrested and sued because of the severe damage they had made. The facts observed in the case of this company prove the seriously important role of corporate governance, especially in huge business corporation. This report conducts a review of the governance of VINASHIN including analysing its structure, process and effectiveness and making recommendations for appropriate improvements. 2. Discussion 1.The board structure and its effectiveness The Board of Structure of VINASHIN consisted of nine directors who were appointed by the Prime Minister. As the enterprise was found based on the shipbuilding company, most of the directors used to be the top managers of the old company. For example, the CEO – Mr Pham Thanh Binh was initially a shipbuilding engineer. After 17 years, he became the Deputy Director of Transport Design and Engineering Institute. He was then appointed to be the CEO of VINASHI N in 1996. It can be seen that the members of the Board of Directors were appointed basically because of their experience of working in the company or in the similar field.In one hand, they had the big advantage of the knowledge and networks in shipbuilding industry and they all had similar background and unique culture. This made strong connection among the board and lead to high agreement. In the other hand, they might not be able to manage the new company with a lot more capital and much bigger in investment range. According to Tricker (2009, pp. 122), â€Å"to formulate strategy effectively the strategic planners need to be, conceptually, above the enterprise looking down, able to see the enterprise in its strategic context†. Moreover, the strong connection might lead to the lack of objective assessment. The truth is that VINASHIN was very successful with its main function – building ship but then fell down because of 257 ineffective projects in other fields.The ne xt issue is that Mr Binh assumed the role of Chairman by 2008. He was then the Chief Executive and the Chairman of the company. Furthermore, he was also the Party Secretary of VINASHIN (the highest political position of the Party in a company). Some may say the combination has its advantage in the very distinctive leader and that it can avoid the conflicts due to spreading leadership between two people. However, this first violated Decree 101/2009/ND-CP of Vietnamese Government about state-owned business group. Second, the concentration of power in a single person would increases abuse potential and reduce the effectiveness of the only leader.In fact, Mr Binh made on his own many decision which then caused serious trouble for the company. For example, he decided to buy the Lotus Ship which cost 1. 3 trillion VND ($60 million) without calling any meeting or announcing for agreement of the board. The ship then did not work but the company had to pay $4 million interest each year for t he loan. 2. The Board Committees and their effectiveness: Another issue of VINASHIN governance is about its committees. All members of the board were appointed by the Prime Minister and their compensation was decided by the company policies which are also approved by the Prime Minister. As a result, there was no need for a nominating or remuneration committee.However, the existence of audit committee was compulsory and its formulation was regulated by the Decree of State-owned business group. The audit committee consisted of three to five members. They must be independent non-executive directors. They were required to make audit report about the company operation every month, quarter of year and year. These regulations seem very cautiously and able to ensure the independence of the audit committee. In fact, the board had strong enough power to influence the audit committee. In 2009, VINASHIN disclosed that it lost 1. 7 trillion VND ($81 million). After a lot of publicly criticism, t he state inspectors figured out that the true number was 5 trillion VND ($240 million).To explain about this issue, the chairman of VINASHIN audit committee said that the company did not have clear enough policies so he just did what the CEO (Mr Binh, also the Chairman of the Board) told him to do. The question is whether the audit committee really had no idea about their responsibility and who they are liable to and whether they were really independent. 3. Recommendations Based all these above discussions, there are three problems in VINASHIN governance: Board of Directors was not qualified for the scope of the company, Chairman and CEO was one single person (Mr Binh), audit committee was not effective. For the first issue, the company should consider to use more professional â€Å"not VINASHIN employee† directors with treasured experience from big business group.Although the current directors have advantage of the experience in shipbuilding industry and they have been worki ng for the company for many years, their capabilities are no longer enough for the new bigger enterprise. VINASHIN is no longer a simple shipbuilding company. It has became one of the biggest business group of Viet Nam with $ billion of capital. It has invested in hundred of projects in many business fields. VINASHIN really needs the board of directors who are able to â€Å"see the enterprise in its strategic context, including the industry, the market, customers and competitors, products and services, wherever the company operates and to identify the wider political, economic, social, and technological context† (Tricker, 2009).First, the â€Å"outside† directors would bring VINASHIN their broader knowledge about the big market and their experience in sufficient investment. This is what the current directors are lack of because their experience was only made in one industry. Second, the â€Å"outside† directors would challenge the board with their objective view about the company. They could push the board to improve the company under the consideration of different aspects. Finally, hiring â€Å"outsider† could help to prevent the board becoming a â€Å"cosy club† which only includes people who are well know to each other and share similar interest. Therefore, the board become more transparent and the decisions they make are less influenced by the interest of the board.For the second issue, there is no solution but separating the roles of Chairman and CEO in two persons. According to the example discussed above, there is one issue behind: the Chairman and the CEO has too much power toward the board and there are not enough control to prevent them from breaking the rules and making decision irresponsibly. VINASHIN should set up and apply more policies to ensure the Chairman or CEO to present the Duty of Trust and Duty of Care constantly. For instance, the CEO should be required to have discussion with all members of the board when he wants to set up new project. After reaching the agreement, he only can sign and stamp in the contract under observation of the majority of the board.Of course, the policies could reduce the potential of abusing power. However, the directors of companies, being managers of other people’s money, cannot be expected to watch over it with the same vigilance with which they watch over their own (Smith). Therefore, the policies can not control every issue in term of over use power, especially when the members of the board are very close to each other and having similar interest. In this case, the only shareholder, Government, should be able to audit the performance of the board and appropriately regulate the reward and punishment policies. For the last issue, VINASHIN needs to improve the effectiveness of its audit committee.First, the audit committee should consider carefully the qualification of its members. The mechanism should encourage the selection and retention of dil igent and knowledgeable committee members who are able to understand their important role in the board and willing to dedicate time and energy for their responsibility. Second, the audit committee should understand the role of each party participate in the auditing process, including the management, the internal auditors and external auditors, and the interaction among these parties. It should be able to communicate independently with each party and design the appropriate mechanism to ensure the accountability of these parties.Finally, it needs to have frank and candid discussion with all parties to provide the board greater insight, objective judgement and appropriate recommendation. An effective audit committee, which would strengthen the Board accountability, transparency, objectivity and effectiveness, has potential benefits: †¢ It improves the quality of financial reporting, by reviewing the financial statements on behalf of the Board; †¢ It creates a climate of disci pline, risk management awareness and control which will reduce the opportunity for fraud; †¢ It enables the non-executive directors sitting on the Audit Committee to contribute an independent judgement and play a positive role; †¢ It increases public confidence in the credibility and objectivity of financial statements and of the Board. 3. ConclusionFrom the discussion above, this report reviewed the corporate governance of VINASHIN Business Group in terms of its board structure and its board committees. Through the review, it figured out three problems: Board of Directors was not qualified for the scope of the company, Chairman and CEO was one single person (Mr Binh), audit committee was not effective. Based on this, some recommendations were given. Reference Hongkong Society of Accountant, 2001, A guide for effective audit committee, pp. 3-6 Tricker, B 2009, Corporate Governance: Principle, Policies and Practices, Oxford New York, the United State Vietnamese Government, 2009, Decree of Establishment, Organization, Operation and Management of State-owned Business Group

Ethics Final Project

ETHICS FINAL PROJECT 1. Proposed Action Plan: Describe the action plan you proposed at the beginning of the semester. At the beginning of the semester we first had the idea of taking a computer to the asylum to help those people in there to have more technology; we also wanted to take brooms and mops to help them to have cleaned the house. The entire classroom talked about this and each team decided to do something for those needed people. 2. Done activities: Explain very carefully the different activities you did during this semester, including dates, names of the responsible people in the team, and results.We went to the computer department to see if they had a computer with no use and if they can give it to use, they decided to tell us when they got one with no use. That’s how they did it, after a time they told us, but it was a long time when they advised us so we had another project which was to make stairs for rehabilitation to the people in the asylum, so we united with other team and gave them money to make this project real. 3. Comparative of the results: Write down if the results of your project were the ones you expected.If not, how are they different? Why? We wanted to give them the computer so we didn’t expect that we would unite our team with another one to make the stairs project, so we think it is not what we expected to be our project but we think that the idea to unite teams was a good one because the stairs were really expensive. 4. Personal Learning: Explain if the members of the team had some learning experience with this project. Yes all of the team members had a great experience, because of helping people ho needed and that’s the main reason why because it feels great doing that, and knowing that other people can get better just for a little help of yours. 5. Team Work: Describe how your team work was, including positive and negative aspects. Our team work was good because we went to the asylum and check what they nee ded and because the team all united went to the computers department and all of the team members had a great experience with this project and not only because we did it well, it’s because we helped other people. 6.Conclusion: Finally write down a conclusion about the social work you had this semester. We think this semester help us a lot because of many things, we helped needed people and that’s feels great, we learned ethics about many things of the human life animal life and many things more. This was a great semester and all the team members are really happy to be here in this class, thanks Elideth for doing this to us. Team Members: Erick Villasenor Oscar Torres Paola Delgadillo Joel Azuara Victor Galvan Sofia Ascanio Daniela Diaz Juan Pablo Fernandez Vertiz

Knapps Stage Model Essay Essays

Knapps Stage Model Essay Essays Knapps Stage Model Essay Paper Knapps Stage Model Essay Paper Dear John. the drama-filled love affair film. John Tyree. a immature soldier. meets Savannah Curtis. a college pupil on spring interruption. and they rapidly fall in love. The film directed by Lasse Hallstrom. adapted from Nicolas Sparks’ novel of the same name. Dear John showcased many facets of communications in its most simple signifiers. Including the 10 phases of the Knapp Stage Model. which could really be witnessed throughout the Dear John the film and the book. as the two chief characters. John and Savannah. developed their relationship and as they tried to keep their relationship. In the Knapp’s Stage Model. Mark Knapp describes the patterned advance and development of relationships as a series of 10 phases in two stages: the ‘coming together’ . induction is followed by the experimenting. intensifying. integration and bonding phases. In the ‘coming apart’ . the differentiating. circumscribing. stagnating. avoiding and ending phase occu rs. These phases are illustrated in the movie Dear John. In the opening scene of Dear John. it was John’s and Savannah’s first clip meeting. it was attractive force at first sight. During the dark scene at the beach. they conversed. I would still believe it’s the initiating phase because the content of their conversation. They didn’t ask inquiries with the purpose of cognizing more of each other apart from that one inquiry. ‘’When are you traveling back? † which was instead insouciant. That will sum up the initiating phase. In the ulterior scene. John asked for a day of the month and Savannah agreed. That means they have both passed each other’s trial so there is an experimenting phase. By the manner. John really stayed at the Barbeque till the dark when he mentioned that his pa cooked dinner. Why else would one blow off his pa if it isn’t because he likes the miss? Therefore. that supports my base that they were already attracted to each other at the beach. At the dinner scene. they were started speaking about something more personal. They were doing little talk. The subject of household and John’s yesterye ar came in. These subjects normally wouldn’t be brought up at the initiating phase because they’re excessively personal. I would besides wish to associate to another construct with this scene which is relational demands of openness. If you notice. John wasn’t excessively comfy with the talk to the point he asked â€Å"why do you desire to cognize so much? † He would fall under the sort that closed away to other people. His replies were all one-liners. heterosexual to the point with no farther accounts. In the following scene. when they were walking towards the wooden house. that was another illustration of acquiring to cognize each other through speaking. This ends off the experimenting phase. They have a battle. but reconcile before John’s leave from the ground forces is over. When toilet returns to the ground forces. he and Savannah begin long distance relationship through handwritten letters. The first missive was really clear that Savannah loves John. Previously. John really gave Savannah a note in which the content wasn’t disclosed to the audience till the very terminal of the film. The note said â€Å"I love you† which was why Savannah wrote him. that missive was a answer . Those were revelations of feelings to each other. In that scene. John said â€Å"I made you a promise. didn’t I? † and subsequently. they both agreed to compose to each other all the clip. She was supposed to wait for him for a twelvemonth while he was off in Germany. That was a sense of committedness to the relationship. This will sum up the intensifying phase. The 4th phase is incorporating. This point is instead straightforward. It’s the turning point whereby the twosome announces to their friends and household that they are a twosome. In this instance. you could see John being introduced to Savannah’s parents. Couples do non ever follow purely to the theoretical account. Stairss could be jumped or revisited once more. Sadly. there was no 5th phase ( Bonding – matrimony. battle ) for this brace in the film. Conflicts arise because of different perceptual experiences ; it is besides illustrated in this film. There was a active scene at the terrace and it was because John wanted to widen his circuit with the ground forces but Savannah did non desire to wait for another two old ages. So after a long clip apart. John and Savannah find themselves floating apart and resigned to being apart from John. and Savannah sends a ‘D ear John’ missive stating him that she has become engaged to person else. John eventually got a missive from Savannah which she initiated a interruption up. Break ups are due to many possible factors. in their instance. alterations. hapless communicating and unrealistic outlooks. Changes referred to the immense alterations they went through from the two hebdomads of summer interruption together to being 1000 stat mis apart. Next. hapless communicating. I think this might be the least conducive factor. Even though. letters took hebdomads or months to make each other. their letters were filled with words. They told each other everything about their lives so it wasn’t a instance of floating apart. Last. it is the factor I think contributed the most likely which is an unrealistic outlook. Long distance relationships are difficult plenty and a individual can merely take it for so long. The first twelvemonth was all right but when John added two more old ages onto the heap. it was excessively difficult for Savannah to take. Although John’s and Sava nnah’s falling out they finally came together as friends. particularly when John’s male parent is on his decease bed. John returns place and connects with his male parent. something he was non able to make before. John so sells his father’s coin aggregation to fund Savannah’s husband’s malignant neoplastic disease intervention. In the last scene of the movie. John sees Savannah on the street and they embrace. The film may non showcase every bit much inside informations ; nevertheless it does demo the importance of communicating in a relationship. For illustration. Savannah chooses to compose a missive to John to interrupt the intelligence of her battle. alternatively of naming him. it shows that it is already a mark Doctor of Optometry avoiding the issue straight. A handwritten missive is a additive signifier of communicating. as John is non given a opportunity to answer instantly. If you were in John’s place. and you received a similar missive about your partner’s battle. would you travel back place to contend for what you want. or would you be ‘John’ . and merely bury yourself with work? Hopefully. now you have a better apprehension of the Knap p’s theoretical account and see how it fits into every relationship!

Gibson essays

Gibson essays In Gibsons Burning Chrome two worlds exist. There is the real world that we carry out our everyday business. We live in this world. We eat, sleep and breathe in this world. Then there is the cyber world. This is where we play and this is where we run our modern day functions such as banking and business. A person can be ruined just as easily as in the real world. Things might not be fatal, but in this modern world worse things than death can happen. Gibson is viewed as a father of cyberpunk. He is the one who is credited with coming up with the word, cyberspace. [Dorsey] "I don't have an e-mail address. I don't go online with America... ...because I don't want America to be online with me." Gibson. [Dorsey] If a man feels so repulsed by the internet, how can he be one of the founding fathers of it? Regardless how he feels about the internet and cyber culture William Gibson is still interested in it. The world that Gibson and created and the world we live in now is getting closer and closer with every day. We are becoming a technological society. We now live in a cyberpunk world. In this world we have created a reality much like the reality in which the characters in Burning Chrome also reside. In this reality, many of the same things occur, business, banking. It is also a social world; some choose to come here to escape the modern life. We have created games that have become doorways to these new realities. With these games we create new worlds to explore. In some cases we even create new identities to live by. The online gaming movement began slowly at the start. It began with MUDs or Multi User Dungeons. Through these was the first step into creating a new world. Players would take control of a character. To some it was just a game and a pastime. To others it became a hobby. Some assumed roles like their persona in the real world. Others assumed roles of ...

The Complete List of NCAA Division 1 Colleges (Most Recent)

The Complete List of NCAA Division 1 Colleges (Most Recent) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The NCAA, the major governing body for intercollegiate sports, separates its member institutions by divisions. Division I colleges are generally the biggest. They have the largest athletic department budgets and their sports teams generate the most revenue. All of the schools that participate in bowl games and March Madness are Division I schools. However, there are some regional colleges and smaller private schools you may not be familiar with that are also classified as Division I.In this article, I’ll give you a basic understanding of Division I and a complete list of current Division I schools by state. Why Are There NCAA Divisions? NCAA Divisions exist to create parity and level the playing field. With divisions, schools should be competing against other schools of a similar size and with similar resources. However, in the climate of today's NCAA sports, there can be huge disparities between schools in the same division, especially in Division I. For example, from 2006-2011, the athletics revenue for the University of Alabama was $124,498,616. During that same period, the athletics revenue for Alabama State University was $10,614,081. Both are Division I schools. What Makes Division I Unique? Compared to NCAA Division II and III schools, NCAA Division I schools have the biggest student bodies, the largest athletic budgets, and the most athletic scholarships. All of the major sports conferences, including the Big 10, Big 12, Pac 12, and ACC, are composed of Division I colleges. While Ivy League colleges are Division I, they don't offer athletic scholarships. Division I Fun Facts Stanford University has the most Division I NCAA championships with 117. On average, only 6% of the student bodies at Division I schools participate in NCAA sports. Stanford has won the Learfield Sports Directors' Cup awarded to the most successful Division I athletics program every year since 1994-1995. The University of Oregon won the very first NCAA men's basketball championship in 1939. Louisiana Tech won the very first NCAA women's basketball championship in 1982. The 1982 Louisiana Tech women's basketball team How Should You Use This List? If there's a college you're considering, you can determine if it's a Division I institution. If you're interested in a particular sport, check to see which colleges are Division I in that sport. Some schools are Division I in one or two sports and Division II or III in the rest. For example, Colorado College is Division I in men's ice hockey and women's soccer, but the rest of their varsity sports are Division III. If you're interested in football, you should also check to see if a particular school is FBS, FCS, or if it even has a football program. Division I Colleges By State Alabama University of Alabama Alabama AM University Alabama State University University of Alabama at Birmingham Auburn University Jacksonville State University Samford University University of South Alabama Troy University Arizona University of Arizona Arizona State University Northern Arizona University Grand Canyon University Arkansas Arkansas State University University of Arkansas, Fayetteville University of Arkansas at Little Rock University of Arkansas, Pine Bluff University of Central Arkansas California California Polytechnic State University California State University, Bakersfield California State University, Fresno California State University, Fullerton California State University, Northridge California State University, Sacramento University of California, Berkeley University of California, Davis University of California, Irvine University of California, Los Angeles University of California, Riverside University of California, Santa Barbara Long Beach State University Loyola Marymount University University of the Pacific Pepperdine University Saint Mary's College of California University of San Diego San Diego State University University of San Francisco San Jose State University Santa Clara University University of Southern California Stanford University Colorado University of Colorado, Boulder Colorado State University University of Denver University of Northern Colorado U.S. Air Force Academy Connecticut Central Connecticut State University University of Connecticut Fairfield University Quinnipiac University Sacred Heart University Yale University Delaware University of Delaware Delaware State University District of Columbia American University George Washington University Georgetown University Howard University Florida Bethune-Cookman University University of Central Florida University of Florida Florida AM University Florida Atlantic University Florida Gulf Coast University Florida International University Florida State University Jacksonville University University of Miami (Florida) University of North Florida University of South Florida Stetson University Georgia University of Georgia Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Southern University Georgia State University Kennesaw State University Mercer University Savannah State University Hawaii University of Hawaii, Manoa Idaho Boise State University University of Idaho Idaho State University Illinois Bradley University Chicago State University DePaul University Eastern Illinois University Illinois State University University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign University of Illinois at Chicago Loyola University Chicago Northern Illinois University Northwestern University Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Western Illinois University Indiana Ball State University Butler University University of Evansville Indiana State University Indiana University, Bloomington Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis University of Notre Dame Purdue University Valparaiso University Iowa Drake University University of Iowa Iowa State University University of Northern Iowa Kansas University of Kansas Kansas State University Wichita State University Kentucky Eastern Kentucky University University of Kentucky University of Louisville Morehead State University Murray State University Northern Kentucky University Western Kentucky University Louisiana University of Louisiana at Lafayette University of Louisiana at Monroe Louisiana State University Louisiana Tech University Grambling State University McNeese State University University of New Orleans Nicholls State University Northwestern State University Southeastern Louisiana University Southern University, Baton Rouge Tulane University Maine University of Maine Maryland Coppin State University Loyola University Maryland University of Maryland Eastern Shore University of Maryland, Baltimore County University of Maryland, College Park Morgan State University Mount St. Mary’s University Towson University U.S. Naval Academy Massachusetts Boston College Boston University Harvard University College of the Holy Cross University of Massachusetts, Amherst University of Massachusetts, Lowell Northeastern University Michigan Central Michigan University University of Detroit Mercy Eastern Michigan University University of Michigan Michigan State University Oakland University Western Michigan University Minnesota University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Mississippi Alcorn State University Jackson State University University of Mississippi Mississippi State University Mississippi Valley State University The University of Southern Mississippi Missouri Missouri State University University of Missouri, Columbia University of Missouri-Kansas City Southeast Missouri State University Saint Louis University Montana University of Montana Montana State University-Bozeman Nebraska Creighton University University of Nebraska Omaha University of Nebraska, Lincoln Nevada University of Nevada, Las Vegas University of Nevada, Reno New Hampshire Dartmouth College University of New Hampshire New Jersey Fairleigh Dickinson University, Metropolitan Campus Monmouth University New Jersey Institute of Technology Princeton University Rider University Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick Seton Hall University Saint Peter’s University New Mexico University of New Mexico New Mexico State University New York University at Albany Binghamton University University at Buffalo, the State University of New York Canisius College Colgate University Columbia University-Barnard College Cornell University Fordham University Hofstra University Iona College Long Island University-Brooklyn Campus Manhattan College Marist College Niagara University Siena College St. Bonaventure University St. Francis College Brooklyn St. John’s University (New York) Stony Brook University Syracuse University U.S. Military Academy Wagner College North Carolina Appalachian State University Campbell University Davidson College Duke University East Carolina University Elon University Gardner-Webb University High Point University University of North Carolina-Asheville North Carolina AT State University North Carolina Central University North Carolina State University University of North Carolina Wilmington University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina at Charlotte The University of North Carolina at Greensboro Wake Forest University Western Carolina University North Dakota University of North Dakota North Dakota State University Ohio University of Akron Bowling Green State University University of Cincinnati Cleveland State University University of Dayton Kent State University Miami University (Ohio) The Ohio State University Ohio University University of Toledo Wright State University Xavier University Youngstown State University Oklahoma University of Oklahoma Oklahoma State University Oral Roberts University The University of Tulsa Oregon University of Oregon Oregon State University University of Portland Portland State University Pennsylvania Bucknell University Drexel University Duquesne University La Salle University Lafayette College Lehigh University University of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania State University University of Pittsburgh Robert Morris University Saint Francis University (Pennsylvania) Saint Joseph’s University Temple University Villanova University Rhode Island Brown University Bryant University Providence College University of Rhode Island South Carolina College of Charleston (South Carolina) Charleston Southern University The Citadel Clemson University Coastal Carolina University Furman University Presbyterian College University of South Carolina, Columbia South Carolina State University University of South Carolina Upstate Winthrop University Wofford College South Dakota University of South Dakota South Dakota State University Tennessee Austin Peay State University Belmont University East Tennessee State University Lipscomb University University of Memphis Middle Tennessee State University Tennessee State University Tennessee Technological University University of Tennessee at Chattanooga University of Tennessee, Knoxville University of Tennessee at Martin Vanderbilt University Texas Abilene Christian University Baylor University University of Houston Houston Baptist University University of the Incarnate Word Lamar University University of North Texas Prairie View AM University Rice University Sam Houston State University Southern Methodist University Stephen F. Austin State University Texas AM University, College Station Texas AM University-Corpus Christi Texas Christian University The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Texas Southern University Texas State University Texas Tech University University of Texas at Arlington University of Texas at Austin University of Texas at El Paso University of Texas at San Antonio Utah Brigham Young University Southern Utah University University of Utah Utah State University Utah Valley University Weber State University Vermont University of Vermont Virginia George Mason University Hampton University James Madison University Liberty University Longwood University Norfolk State University Old Dominion University Radford University University of Richmond University of Virginia Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Military Institute Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University College of William and Mary Washington Eastern Washington University Gonzaga University Seattle University University of Washington Washington State University West Virginia Marshall University West Virginia University Wisconsin Marquette University University of Wisconsin-Green Bay University of Wisconsin, Madison University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Wyoming University of Wyoming What's Next? 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Work Pressure and Challenges among Medical Doctors in Private Clinic Dissertation

Work Pressure and Challenges among Medical Doctors in Private Clinic in Hong Kong - Dissertation Example The healthcare system of Hong Kong is considered to be almost similar with the best hospitals in Asian region such as Singapore, Malaysia as well as Thailand. Primary as well as secondary medical services are offered to the patients by these hospitals. Most of the people tend to access these facilities primarily via their medical insurance, either held by them personally or by means of their employment (Taylor, 2012). It has been observed that the stressful life of doctors and nurses in Hong Kong makes them prone to psychological exhaustion in terms of depression, especially in the private sector. Depression is considered to be one of the most significant health issues because of its associated result. As per the anticipation of the World Health Organisation, by the end of the year 2020, depression is likely to become the second main reason behind dysfunction within workplaces, including the healthcare sector, playing a major role towards the increasing ratio of psychological ill-hea lth in the world population owing to the fact that traumatic life events normally lead to psychological indications. Hence, it can be affirmed that if the level of stress is quite high then in such circumstances, there are greater chances of psychological indications (Bayati, Beigi & Salehi, 2009). The chief objective of the paper has been to evaluate the work pressure and challenges faced by the medical doctors in private clinics in Hong Kong. It also aims to gauge the levels of occupational stress among the doctors who are working at private clinics followed by the analysis of their depression levels owing to high work pressure impacting their job performance and satisfaction level. The study also attempts to measure the adverse effects of intensive workload on doctors working in private clinics by means of evaluation of the depressive disorders caused by extensive workloads. In this regards, the paper further elaborates on The Karaek Job-Demands Control Model (1979), The Effort-R eward Imbalance Model and Job Demands-Resources Model. Level of Care Offered By Private Sectors Hong Kong has about 12 major private hospitals among which 4 hospitals are featured as profit making hospitals while 8 hospitals are regarded to be functioning as non-profit making concerns. One of the common characteristics among these healthcare concerns is that all the private hospitals primarily tend to rely upon outside doctors for rendering high quality services to the admitted patients (Gauld & Gould, 2002). It can be mentioned in this regards that the private hospitals of Hong Kong do not have spare capacity in order to meet the additional demands. The reason behind this fact is that the ‘bed occupancy rates’ of these hospitals is quite high (Industry HK, 2012). In the recent years, lack of manpower in the private hospitals of Hong Kong was found to be a significant problem that forced the hospital authorities to take several measures in terms of costs and quality ser vices. According to the evaluation done by the Public Doctor Association, the major causes of the problem include heavy workload pressures on the professionals, poor promotion prospects along with the inconsistency in the financial reward system taking place amid the public institutions. This in turn leads to excessive flow of the doctors in the private sector. Such issues are further observed to cause stress among the doctors, ultimately giving rise to depression which in turn hampers the quality of service or rather medical support rendered by them (Wong, 2008). Contextually, it can be revealed that private healthcare sector