Business Planning- ECO chair Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Planning- ECO chair - Assignment Example The group members plan to form a private limited company in making this echo chair in order to commercialize the idea in real market in the UK. The business is going to be funded 67% by the group members 33% by investors who are interested in our business. The mission of the business is to produce furniture that are environmentally friendly and use naturally available products that are cheaply available. The report presented the key elements of a conventional business plan such as production, marketing, profitability, and competitive advantages (Rumelt, 2011, p.66). The business concept of the group is based on environmental trends of concern to people’s daily life and the social importance of outdoor activates and events. The large printable surface of the chair can be a major strength in the commercialization process since it provides a special channel for advertising the product to the market. The process from market analysis to company financials guides the walk through the essential components of the plan. This includes how to come up with funding request or obtaining additional funds for the project (Vesper, 1996). These key elements of a business plan include product description, people involved in the project, marketing, and finance. The echo chair is a new and the unique product from the conventional innovative products. The concept is inspired by the need for environmental protection and use of natural renewable resources. The product developed by the group will use cheaply available renewable resources making it a viable idea. Initial production process of the product is to be outsourced to external manufacturers who will help with the design. This will help in reducing initial cost of establishing a manufacturing unit, human resource management, and equipments. In order to ensure quality control, the original materials for manufacturing the

Essay Writing Tips - What Is The Best Tip For Essay Writing On Book Writer?

Essay Writing Tips - What Is The Best Tip For Essay Writing On Book Writer?So many of us need to write an essay to meet a deadline. You might be writing to improve your college admissions test scores or an essay for a college essay contest. In addition, there are several organizations that offer their help to you. Well, with the help of a reliable guide, you can become a better essay writer than before.To know the best tip for essay writing on book writer, consider that it will be extremely hard to create great research. A great essay writer has to put lots of effort in crafting the best research. Research is the process of digging up all the possible information that you have learned about the subject. This article is devoted to the art of research. It deals with how to do research for a great essay.This is one of the main parts of any essay. The ability to do research will determine the quality of the essay. If you have any difficulty in doing this task, you should consider getting help from a professional. This would save you lots of time and money.Once you have some knowledge of research, you can use it to make the essay more successful. For example, you can research on your subject. As you research, you must remember the main points that you want to emphasize. Make sure that you research on the topic of your essay in the right way. You should focus on things that are important for the content of your essay.Before writing the essay, it is important to research your subject thoroughly. This will enable you to write a powerful sentence structure. You should have some sense of where you want to go in the essay. Keep in mind that there is no single 'right' style for all essays.The first thing you should do if you want to become a better essay writer is to understand how you can best perform research. By learning the basic skills, you can start writing your own essay. You should make sure that the research is done well before writing the essay. You should use it as a stepping stone to your essay. Just follow your instincts and guide your research accordingly.Finally, the best tip for essay writing on book writer would be to seek out help from professionals. You should check whether the writer has received any kind of prestigious award. You can even look for feedback from experts on various essay writing forums.

Graphic Design History Research Paper Topics

Graphic Design History Research Paper TopicsGraphic design history has always been an interesting topic for students who are looking to learn more about the industry. One can even trace the history of a design by doing a little research in their own area, such as a history of design in aviation, or the history of advertisements.Most people just want to do historical research and they don't really know how to go about it. This can be a very frustrating experience. Here are some of the best graphic design history research paper topics to look at.Logo Designs: Logo design is used for all kinds of things. It can refer to logos for food, movie companies, software, book publishers, and the list goes on. Logo design will usually include a shape, color, and lettering. The shape is what most people remember the most, as they were the first thing you saw when you first saw the logo.It is important to find out who made the logo and why. Try to dig up a file from an old print publication to see if they have a picture of the logo. Remember to look up the name of the company as well as the year that the logo was created. If you don't know what the logo is and where it came from, you won't be able to find the information you need.Good graphic design history research paper topics include knowing who first created the logo and the type of logo. This can be a fun project for students. They can also use this project to ask students about the history of the logo, if it is legal to use, etc. It can also be used to find out if there are any legal issues around the logo.The next step of graphic design history research paper topics includes who creates the typography, or the words or letters that appear on the graphic. The letters that will be on the graphic have to be related to the overall theme of the logo. For example, if the logo is a car, then the font should be something like lettering, print, or italics.One thing to keep in mind when doing your graphic design history research paper topics is to do your research in the period of time that you are trying to learn about. Remember, some of the most recent history is not going to be the same as the history of the 1970s, so learn your history up front.

Things You Should Know About What to Include in the Introduction of a Research Paper

Things You Should Know About What to Include in the Introduction of a Research Paper You can begin your introduction with a couple sentences which announce the subject of your paper and provide a sign of the sort of research questions you'll be asking. The point isn't to document every potential delimiting factor, yet to highlight why previously researched issues linked to the topic proved not addressed. As soon as you've settled the dilemma of selecting about what things to publish you might want to make the analysis your second concern ought to be deciding. The content has to be simple for audiences to understand, the info ought to be relevant and accurate. Some folks discover that they will need to compose some type of introduction so as to find the writing process started. If your friend has the ability to predict the remainder of your paper accurately, you most likely have a very good introduction. For instance, you don't need to write it when writing a literary research , as you unlikely will locate any potential call to action within this circumstance. Is vital to begin the writing process. You want to ensure you use the most recent edition of a particular style guide. If you aren't a tech savvy person then do not select a topic which is too technical or too general. Your instructor might assign you a particular topic, but often instructors might ask you to pick your own subject of interest. If it doesn't pull in the reader's attention at the beginning he might not be serious to the remainder of your work or pay less attention. The writer's major claim is children are the real key to changing the present circumstance. If you're going to select a subject, then your hunt should collapse on a region in which you have understanding about it. You have to revise your paper to ensure that the introduction, each one of the evidence, and the conclusion reflect the argument you intend. The previous sentence of your introduction ought to be your thesis statement. Steer clear of a great deal of citations in the debut, in addition to long sentences with numerous ideas separated by commas and semi-colons. As a very good guideline, your conclusion ought to be about the exact same length of your introduction paragraph. Top What to Include in the Introduction of a Research Paper Choices The very best structure for a research paper contains an introduction and a conclusion that are linked to one another. Explain the goal of your paper and the way you intend to approach the topic. It has to summarize the entire paper and explain its primary intent. When you're writing your research paper's introduction, you ought to be building it around a particular outline that gives a general review of the paper. A research paper is a formal academic document that learners write after they've spent a protracted period of time researching a specific subject. Research papers, on the flip side, have to be very straightforward and transparent. In the majority of instances, research paper introductions ought to be limited to just a single paragraph. The introduction to a research paper may be the most challenging portion of the paper to write. You are able to assume that anybody reading your paper is acquainted with all the fundamental strategies, so if possible, do not explain every last detail. The important thing to remember at any research paper is that it's based upon an hourglass structure. The undertaking of the author isn't to answer a particular question utilizing some sort of experimental method, yet to take a step back and look at what's going on across many individual research projects. You might have finished the very best research project on earth, but if you don't make an in teresting and well laid out paper, then nobody is likely to take your findings seriously. When you compose a research paper for publication you are going to be asked to submit it together with a collection of important words which give a fast indication of the regions of research you're addressing. An exhaustive study must be aimed toward understanding the specific intent and degree of their job. After you've restated the subject of the research, you've got to restate your thesis statement. Consider the points that you prefer to cover and will need to support your research. What to Include in the Introduction of a Research Paper Fundamentals Explained There isn't any more cogent fact then official statistics, for instance, you're writing about the issue of educated people in the planet, then it is possible to come across some statistics on verified sources and put it to use in the intro. You are able to encounter thoughts that you could put in your issue or from novels that are connected with your theme. The point is that somebody will be in a position to get an overall view of the paper without having to read the entire thing. To test anything you need to be knowledgeable about the topic issue. It's much simpler to compose a strong introduction once the remainder of your paper is finished, or at least thoroughly outlined, as stated by the University of Southern California Libraries. Every year, students discover that the report known as the research paper is the section of the science fair project in the place where they learn the most. The teachers don't always provide students with the list of potential topics. Research papers are meant to demonstrate a student's academic understanding of a subject. Put simply, not only should you tell the reader what it is that you are studying and why, but you also need to acknowledge why you rejected alternative approaches that might have been used to inspect the topic. Getting straightforward is the be st method for a fantastic introduction. Be aware that what constitutes a great introduction might vary widely based on the sort of paper you're writing and the academic discipline in which you're writing it. If you don't have a lot to say on a particular topic, it is simple to create this type of introduction.

Why Almost Everything Youve Learned About Hypothesis Topics Research Paper for Economic Developing Country Is Wrong and What You Should Know

Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Hypothesis Topics Research Paper for Economic Developing Country Is Wrong and What You Should Know The effect of transport impacts the global, regional, and local atmosphere. Some experts contend economic growth is essential for the growth of pollution control mechanisms. As a consequence without the stable economy, it's tough to trace the cycle because the standard performance of the economy is often violated by different facets, which might be not economic whatsoever. International warming is 1 measure of climate change, and is a growth in the average worldwide temperature. The Tried and True Method for Hypothesis Topics Research Paper for Economic Developing Country in Step by Step Detail When picking your research paper topic, you must make certain it is neither boring nor worn out. The more you comprehend the simpler it's for you to compose a thriving research paper. There's well-known that you aren't going to have the ability to compose a great insightful research paper if you're not interested in the subject overall and in this issue specifically. Writing a research paper even though may appear challenging is a considerable portion of routine student life. It ought not only be a group of loosely related suggestions and facts. Generally, quotations ought to be short and used infrequently. Then list all the questions which you'd like answered yourself. These questions are going to be your research questions. Developing a prosperous company isn't only the proper marketing and productivity of production, but in addition, there are people who are employed in comfortable problems. The best means for you to start your career in research is to review faculty web pages and working papers see who's doing research which you find exciting. By way of example, researching a wide topic like business management'' is difficult since there might be hundreds of sources on all parts of business administration. Otherwise, you are going to be old news, and nobody could possibly wish to read your paper. After you have nailed down a promising hypothesis, the remainder of the procedure will flow a great deal more easily. They cannot be utilised as yo ur own paper, even as little as a component of it. To test differences in average height between women and men, your sample ought to have an equal proportion of women and men, and cover quite a few socio-economic classes and any other variables which may influence average height. Thus, the reach of this study is restricted to the causes of indiscipline in primary schools. Thus you might get the idea about what you want to write about yourself. A matter is a concept upon which you may take a stand. In this instance, you're essentially attempting to seek out support for the null hypothesis and you're opposed to the alternate. The issue is that you are unable to assign cause to your effect. What You Should Do About Hypothesis Topics Research Paper for Economic Developing Country Starting in the Next 15 Minutes This allows readers to assess the intentions of the author during the respective thesis paper. It's just about ensuring that you're asking the perfect questions and wording your hypothesis statements correctly. After you have setup your thesis you will be prepared to start amassing supporting evidence for you claims. In the majority of cases you won't wish to use any quotations for this assignment. The Hypothesis Topics Research Paper for Economic Developing Country Cover Up Poverty is a primary element. Both of these macroeconomic variab les that are Unemployment and financial growth are negatively related to one another. The statistical analysis permits you to reject either the null or the alternate hypothesis. After developing your first research hypothesis (the prediction which you want to investigate), it's important to restate it like a null (Ho) and alternate (Ha) hypothesis so that you are able to test it mathematically. Whenever your prediction doesn't specify a direction, we say you are in possession of a two-tailed hypothesis. If your initial prediction wasn't supported in the data, then you are going to accept the null hypothesis and reject the choice. You might have to set up experiments or write survey questions and then work out the ideal approach to finish the study. Thus, let's restate the hypothesis to make it effortless to rate the data. There's no formal hypothesis, and perhaps the intention of the study is to explore some area more thoroughly as a way to develop some particular hypothesis or prediction that could be tested in future research.

Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Letter from Birmingham Jail - Essay Example In contrast, the unjust laws disrespect people’s moral autonomy, as well as, personality by placing a particular group in the society superior to the other. In effect, morality is paramount and forms the basis that dictates the obedience of the law. The laws should not only be concerned with the political authority, but also the moral judgment about wrong and right in a given situation (Pollock, 2012). Any law that violates the universal morals does not deserve obedience. Just people need laws that protect their moral, as well as, constitutional rights. As King (1963) notes, people have the right to disobey the unjust laws if compelling moral grounds exist to underscore the action. No one should deprive the laws of moral sentiments, and any action to remove morality from the legislation renders them unjust and mostly oppressive. In disobeying the law, people should invoke a higher duty such as conscience and morality. In this respect, invoking morality will justify the people’s decisions to disobey the unjust laws that tend to infringe upon their moral autonomy. The implication is that just people have the responsibility and freedom over their moral decisions to fail to comply with the laws, which undermine their human personality. Indeed, the shared moral standards should inform the people’s real sense of obligation to the laws. Pollock (2012) argues that the people’s preoccupation to obey laws should depict a striking balance b etween the moral autonomy and obligation to the state. Critics might argue that false perception of the law as a total representation of the morals exists. The society has a blurred borderline between the ethics and the laws. Hence, morality entails doing what the law dictates for fear of the consequences of the disobedience such as the punishment. However, cynics should note that people make the laws, and they have a moral obligation to disobey the legislation

Properties of Dopamine in Chemistry

Properties of Dopamine in Chemistry Chapter 2. Literature Review 2.1 Introduction In recent years, natural adhesion has attracted increasing attention in the material engineering field. This can be mainly attributed to the marine mussel as it has a strong ability to attach to various surfaces in an aqueous environment where they reside. These surfaces vary from natural to synthetic, and inorganic to organic.[49-51] Previous studies on the mussel adhesive protein have discovered that 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine-lysine sequences, may be the main contributor for the versatile nature of the marine mussel.[52, 53] Dopamine, having a similar structure with this sequence, may provide a new platform for bioengineers to physically or chemically enhance the performance of other biomaterials. Several papers have already been published regarding the use of dopamine to augment other biomaterials, such as poly (ethylene glycol), carbon nanotubes and nanofibers. The first part of this review will briefly introduce the basic properties of dopamine which will be followed by its applications 2.2 Properties of Dopamine Dopamine’s properties can be divided into chemical and adhesive properties. The chemical properties mainly focus on the autopolymerization in aerated basic solutions and polymerization of dopamine based on vinyl groups. The adhesive property is dopamine’s most significant feature which gives dopamine its advantage as a biomaterial. 2.2.1 Chemical Properties 2.2.1.1 Autopolymerization in Aerated Basic Solutions Messersmith and coworkers first reported that dopamine is able to auto-polymerize in aired Tris buffer of pH 8.5.[8]. The process of dopamine autopolymerization with a pre-existing substrate results in polydopamine (PDA) films being deposited on the substrate surface. Longer substrate exposure times and higher reaction temperatures result in thicker PDA films being formed.[54] Regardless of the surface type, the inserted PDA films can be coated on the desired surface, even poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), known for its anti-adhesive property.[8] 2.2.1.2 Polymerization of Dopamine Based on Vinyl Groups Polymers carrying pendant dopamine are normally obtained by radical polymerization of vinyl monomers with protected or unprotected dopamine. When meditating protected dopamine carried by polymers with double bone, borax (Na2B4O7 ·10H2O) is widely used as the protecting reactant in order to keep dopamine from forming an annular bidentate catechol subunit.[55] Normally, the polymerized reaction of protected dopamine happens in a liquid solution and forms linear chains. Deprotection reaction usually occurs in an acidic environment and results in the polymer carrying dopamine. Dimolybdenum trioxide[56], 1-dromotoluene[57] and denzophenone chloride[58] can also be used as protecting agents. Zhang et al.[59] designed a novel polymer poly (n-acryloyl dopamine) that possesses high adhesion to wood, especially when mixed with polyethylenimine (PEI) at about 150 °C. They used a protected double bond dopamine as a monomer and 2,2’-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) as an initiator via rad ical polymerization, following the deprotection of dopamine in an acid solution. When meditating unprotected dopamine, Lee BP et al.[60] was the first to report a creative hydrogel that copolymerizes modified dopamine with double bond and polyethylene glycol diacrylate via photo initiation by using a 2,20-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-acetonephenone (DMPA) initiator. As a result of this invention, greater attention has been given to hydrogels as a new artificial extracellular matrix (ECM) in the biomedical field. Dopamine belongs to the catechol family which leads to vinyled dopamine to act as an inhibitor.[61, 62], as a result they can react with radicals to inhibit polyreaction. The unprotected dopamine, modified with a vinyl group, is able to undergo free-radical polymerization. Several researches have done this experiment on radical polymerization to prove the reliability of this method.[63-75] The research group led by Metin Sitti, copolymerized a dopamine derivate (dopamine meth-acrylami de) with methoxyethylaceylate to obtain a reversible adhesion on the surface of nonflat glass under dry or wet condition.[65] In another publication, 2-(meth-acryloyloxy) ethyl phosphate was used to copolymerize with dopamine methacrylamide, followed by a complicated cohesion in which the copolymer bonded with positively charged polymer, divalent calcium and magnesium.[71] The chemical properties of dopamine provide the platform of its strong adhesive properties. 2.2.2 Adhesive Property The adhesive property of dopamine is one of the most significant properties of dopamine as it has proved to be very versatile in adhering to various surfaces despite the surface chemistry. The bonding between dopamine and surfaces can be generally distributed to two parts: covalent and non-covalent.[10] Surfaces which possess amine groups or thiol groups can covalently bind to dopamine via Michael addition or Schiff base reactions. However since most surfaces don’t have those groups, non-covalent bonding, like H-bond, Ï€-Ï€ interaction and benzenediolcharge-transfer compounds are preferred to generate a valid layer and metallic chelating.[7, 53, 76-87] In a high pH environment, metal ions and medal oxides have a high chance of being hydroxylated or hydrated, which make chelate with catechol groups of dopamine much easier. This can be seen from many experiments done on polydopamine linking with metal oxides (such as Fe2O3, Fe4O3, ZrO2) through chelating bonding interaction.[82, 84, 85] This can be seen when polydopamine nanoparticle suspensions are added to a solution of KMnO4 with H2SO4. A core-shell nanoparticle structure is created in which the polydopamine act as the core and MnO2 act as shell, followed by blending the KOH solution to obtain MnO2 nanospheres. This ad hesive property of dopamine provides promising opportunities for new bioengineered materials. 2.2.3 CNT For decades, carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been attracting increasing attention because of their superior features, such as thermal conductivity, excellent tensile strength and remarkable conductivity. They have been applied in various different areas, from sensors to catalysis, and from semiconductors to inductors for osteocytes. In order for CNTs to have a wide range of applications, surface modification is necessary. However, during this modification various intermediate reactions steps are required which increase the complexity of the CNT’s fabrication. Dopamine modification has been viewed as an promising alternative, leading to a coated multifunctional CNT with a polymeric shell that has tunable thickness by time, pH value and temperature.[88] The dopamine coating facilitates the addition of alternate modifications to the surface of CNTs, such as gold nanoparticles.[88] What’s more, CNTPDAs, first, were modified with ATRP initiator and then polymerized with diethyla mine methacrylateto to form brushes polymer — poly (dimethylamine-thyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) on the surface.[89] Following that the functionalized CNT were quaternized in order to combine palladium nanoparticles on the CNTs’ surface. These two examples indicate the capability of dopamine coated CNTs to bind to metal complexes. 2.3 Applications There are many different applications in which dopamine could be applied in; three of them will be the focus here including applications in hydrogels, nanofibers, and biosening. These fields are of great interest currently as they show great promise for dopamine in bioengineering. 2.3.1 Hydrogel The need of a viscous hydrogel, as a unique material, is dramatically increasing in various biomedical fields. The high performance requirements of adhesive hydrogels are strict and various. This includes being sufficiently adhesive in a wet environment, satisfactory elasticity of artificial tissue scaffold and biocompatible.[60, 90] Moreover, biomedical hydrogels also need a quick sol-gel conversion for avoiding surgical obstruction. Recently, adhesive hydrogel, inspired by strong wet adhesion of mussel and cross-bonding capabilities of dopamine, has been attracted increasing attention and considered as a hopeful candidate to fulfill this technologic niche.[91] Messersmith et al.[92] reported the creation of four different adhesive hydrogels using dopamine derivative (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)) as end-groups and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a backbone. The difference of these four hydrogels can be divided into 2 subcategories, linear network and branched network. They applied multiple-angle laser light scattering to study the influences of different oxidative reagents on DOPA oxidation and hydrogel formation. The result showed that gelation time of PEG-DOPA gels relied on oxidative reagents, such as concentration and type. In Lee H.’s report, they also used DOPA and PEG to form hydrogels, but this time they used DOPA modified with methacryloyl chloride and PEG diacrylate instead of pure DOPA and PEG. In order to avoid introducing toxicity of oxidative reagent to the hydrogels and any loss of adhesion, the hydrogels underwent UV initiation.[60] These photo-imitated gels demonstrate appreciable elastic properties for use as a promising biomedical material. Using a similar method Phillip B. Messersmith’s research group also synthesized an adhesive hydrogel, prepared by copolymerizing DOPA with hydrophobic segments of an amphiphilic block copolymer under photo-imitation. The adhesive property of the hydrogel was surprisingly improved in the presence of DOPA in wet condition. The elasticity of the hydrogel was found to be similar to that of soft tissues leading to consider it as a encouraging candidate for biomaterial.[93] Further research conducted by Messersmith and coworkers focused on the biological capabilities of dopamine-PEG adhesive gels. In 2010 they reported that DOPA as end-caps covalently bonded with an amine-terminated 4-arm PEG. The PEG was the core in which oxidative reagents (NaIO4) were added to form an adhesive hydrogel in less than 1 minute.[94] The results of the in vivo test, performed in a murine model, showed the adhesive gels caused minimal inflammation and were stably interfaced with the surrounding tissues for more than 24 months. To form a catena degradable adhering polymer, three materials were reacted to form a semblable branched polymer, including dopamine derivative as end-group, PEG and polycaprolactone (PCL) as a backbone.[95] These polymers are able to form films whose properties, such as swelling capacity and biodegradation, were flexible by changing the ratio, or concentration of these reactants or by adding other additive agents. After coating these adhesive polymer s on a biologic meshes, stronger water-resistant was exhibited when compared with fibrin sealant or cyanoacrylated polymers.[95] Applications for this biomaterial can be extended in the surgical field for hernia repair. Stewart’s group published several papers about adhesive hydrogels based on complex cohesion. In 2010 they created a bio-mimic hydrogel blending with revised gelatin and a copolymer which is obtained by a dopamine derivative reacting with monoacryloxyethyl phosphate in an alkaline condition.[71] The addition of Ca2+ and Mg2+ to the bio-mimic hydrogel could significantly improve the coacervation of the hydrogel, which was applied to tune agglomeration temperature to body temperature. The result demonstrated that the cohesion interaction was biodegradable, perfectly suited for medical applications. In another similar research, an adhesive hydrogel was synthesized by complicated cohesion of a positively charged copolymer and a terpolymer involving a dopamine derivative when its pH was higher than 4.[70] The bonding property of the hydrogel to hydroxylapatite was around 40% of common cyanoacrylate glue. T.G. Park’s group developed a temperature sensitive and injectable tissu e-attachable hydrogel.[96] The hydrogel was synthesized by conjugating hyaluronic acid and dopamine, following by cross-linking with thiol tail-ended Pluronic F127 via Michael addition. The hydrogel precursor exists at room temperature, and a cured hydrogel is formed when brought to a temperature of 37 °C. In a later paper, they used a similar strategy forming hydrogel by blending a dopamine derivative modified chitosan with thiol-capped Pluronic F127 at body temperature.[97] The adjustable gelation time of this block copolymer made it suitable for tissue-repair at 37 °C. The resulting hydrogel dedicated excellent in vivo results, where chitosan served as hemostatic agent and dopamine derivative group acted as adhesive agent to soft tissues. 2.3.2 Nanofiber Tissue engineering tends to use nanofiberous biomaterials instead of a micropores matrix since the filiform and polyporous nanolevel structure allow for artificial extracellular matrix to enhance the fundamental cellular procedures.[98] Nanotechnology reformation have aided in the development of techniques for the production of such a nano-composite materials. Electro-spinning has recently obtained increasing attention, attributing to its briefness and facility for nanofiber fabrication. Through this technique, fibrous structures are easily tuned in order to coordinate it with the extracellular matrix (ECM).[99, 100] So far, this technique has been studied in a range of biological fields, such as bone and skin regeneration. The artificial polymer ECMs usually have difficulties with interfaced reactions between tissues and materials.[101] For electro-spinning nanofibers in applications of biomedicine, it is necessary to physically and chemically combine them with biomolecules or cell-recognizing ligands.[102] This subsequently provides bio-modulating or biomimetic micro- environments to contacting cells and tissues. Dopamine coating can be considered as a simple and versatile approach to modify various synthetic polymers so that they are able to serve in biomedical applications.[49-51] Ku and coworkers[103] firstly reported culturing human endothelial cells on a polydopamine treated electro-spun polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber membrane. They used two control groups, pure PCL nanofibers and PCL nanofibers coated with gelatin, to investigate the ability of cell attachment of dopamine. The result of the water contact angle demonstrated that polydopamine uniformly was coated on the PCL nanofibers. Polydopam ine also significantly improve endothelial cells’ attachment on the nanofiber, compared with other non-adhesive substrates. Moreover, endothelial cells culture on PCL nanofibers coated by dopamine had developed cytoskeleton, positive PECAM-1 and vWF expressions and high cell extend.Rim and coworkers[104] designed dopamine functionalized electro-spinning poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) nanofibers with minimal influence on its mechanical performances, like wetting capability and roughness. The polydopamine coated PLLA nanofibers significantly enhanced cell attachment and the degree of spread, contradistinguishing with pure PLLA nanofibers. Meanwhile, its fibrous morphology had changed to more of a polygon shape instead of sphere after the polydopamine coating, which lead to higher DNA content of polydopamine treated PLLA nanofibers. The higher gene expressions of cells cultivated on polydopamine treated fibers indicated better osteogenic differentiation and vasculogenesis. Extensive research regarding the chemical or physical coating of metal on the surface of scaffolds to increase tensile strength has been done.[105] Jungki Ryu et al.[106] used dopamine to process hydroxyapatite deposits on PCL nanofiber by coating it. The result demonstrated a combination of surface activation through dopamine coating and hydroxyapatite mineralization allowing the hybridization of various shapes and surfaces. In other reported, Xie and coworkers[107] considered dopamine as a ‘superglue’, allowing minerals to easily attach to fibrous surfaces. The mechanical properties of mineral functionalized electro-pinning PCL nanofibers, such as stiffness, durability and tensile strength, were near to that of natural bone. Dopamine coated nanofibers show an improvement on existed biomaterials such as their mechanical performances, and cell adhesion. This makes them quite suitable for tissue regeneration and other related bioengineering applications. 2.3.3 Biosensing There is an enormous demand to design highly sensitive and selective biosensors for multiple applications, such as diagnostics, drug screening, and drug discovery.[108] Biosensors usually are in the microscale or nanoscale[109] and there are numerous methods to develop them, such as DNA[110] and antibody-based sensor[111, 112]. Scientists employ dopamine in order to optimize biosensor’s capabilities which have been reported by several research groups. Lui and coworkers first reported that dopamine could be used in a biosensor.[113] They used electricity to oxidize dopamine to form polydopamine on a gold electric pole with existing nicotine. The dopamine-imprinted sensor showed outstanding selectiveness of nicotine and excellent repeatability. Furthermore, Ouyang and coworkers developed a one-step well-defined structure of a dopamine-imprinted sensor.[114] They applied electro-polymerization of o-phenylenediamine (o-PD) and dopamine with existing glutamic acid (Glu). By using a potentiostatic time scan, the sensor exhibited satisfactory stereo selectiveness of bonding L- or D-Glu because their relative synthetic receptor. In a different publication, they designed protein imprinted nanowires which dopamine was also involved.[115] First, the protein-coupled alumina membrane was immersed in dopamine solution followed by an ammonium persulfate solution in order to self-polymerize polydopamine; in which afterward the removal of the atta ched protein is necessary. The nanowires demonstrated constant bonding capability and selectiveness of template proteins due to their cavity structure with bonding spots (like amino group, hydroxyl, Ï€-Ï€ stacking and van der Waals force) that can bind with protein. In another research, Zhou et al. display the creation of magnetic nanoparticles coated by imprinted polymer with a pre-existing template protein.[116] The nanoparticles are able to separate target protein from the mixture. In order to investigate the versatility of the imprinted nanoparticles, they operated on a binding test by using five different proteins excluding the template protein. The result indicated that more than 80% of target proteins were rebinding with imprinted nanoparticles, suggesting imprinted nanoparticles have a bright future to be employed for separating and detecting specific protein. One of the greatest difficulties for biosensors is how to immobilize enzymes on the surface of an electric pole and preserve the enzymes’ functionalities. Wei et al. designed a novel glucose electrochemical sensor, prepared by using a polydopamine film to entrap glucose oxidase and gold nanoparticles.[117] Their research displayed a polydopamine matrix embedded with gold nanoparticles that had high efficiency of immobilizing glucose oxidase. The dopamine film embedded gold nanoparticle biosensor showed a superior sensitivity, good repeatability, linear over broad dynamic range and a low detective threshold. Furthermore, in order to assess adaptability of this sensor, they use it to test glucose concentration in attenuated human serum. The result suggested this biosensor is an attractive material for clinical applications